Association mapping for important agronomic traits in wild and cultivated Vigna species using cross-species and cross-genera simple sequence repeat markers.

The genus Vigna is an agronomically important taxon, with many of its species inhabiting a wide range of environments and offering numerous useful genes for the improvement of the cultivated types. The present study aimed to detect the genomic regions associated with yield-attributing traits by genome-wide association mapping. A diverse panel of 98 wild and cultivated Vigna accessions (acc.) belonging to 13 different species was evaluated for yield and related traits during the kharif season of 2017 and 2018. The panel was also genotyped using 92 cross-genera and cross-species simple sequence repeat markers to study the population genetic structure and useful market-trait associations. The PCA and trait correlation established relationships amongst the traits during both seasons while 100-seed weight (HSW) had a positive correlation with pod length (PL), and days to first flowering (DFF) with days to maturity (DM). The population genetic structure analysis grouped different acc. into three genetically distinct sub-populations with SP-1 comprising 34 acc., SP-2 (24 acc.), and SP-3 (33 acc.) and one admixture group (7 acc.). Mixed linear model analysis revealed an association of 13 markers, namely, VR018, VR039, VR022, CEDG033, GMES0337, MBSSR008, CEDG220, VM27, CP1225, CP08695, CEDG100, CEDG008, and CEDG096A with nine traits. Seven of the aforementioned markers, namely, VR018 for plant height (PH) and terminal leaflet length (TLL), VR022 for HSW and pod length (PL), CEDG033 for DFF and DM, MBSSR008 for DFF and DM, CP1225 for CC at 30 days (CC30), DFF and DM, CEDG100 for PH and terminal leaflet length (TLL), and CEDG096A for CC30 and chlorophyll content at 45 days were associated with multiple traits. The marker CEDG100, associated with HSW, PH, and TLL, is co-localized in gene-encoding histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ATX5. Similarly, VR22, associated with PL and HSW, is co-located in gene-encoding SHOOT GRAVITROPISM 5 in mungbean. These associations may be highly useful for marker-assisted genetic improvement of mungbean and other related Vigna species.

The Scottish national LifeCurve™ survey: costs of functional decline, opportunities to achieve early intervention to support well-being in later life, and meaningfulness of the LifeCurve™.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the Scottish AHP LifeCurve™ survey was to gather a snapshot of where people are on their LifeCurve™ when receiving allied health professions (AHP) services and to understand the cost consequence of intervening 'late' in the ageing trajectory. The objectives were to promote discussion around preventing functional decline, support innovation in service delivery, and facilitate broader engagement with individuals, communities, and wider environments for improving health and well-being in later life. In addition, subsequent learning could help address the increasing resource gap between the demand and capacity across health and social care. STUDY DESIGN: The survey was paper-based in the form of a printed booklet, which contained the 15 activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) which comprise the LifeCurve™ with additional lifestyle questions and information about the member of staff and service the participant was seen in, including their Community Health Index (CHI) number. The survey questions and booklet layout were tested over a five-month period with AHPs and people receiving AHP services. Liaison with national health literacy colleagues and lead speech and language therapists ensured that the survey material was accessible to a wide range of people. In addition, the survey could be made available in alternative formats, on request. METHODS: Agreement to undertake the national survey was obtained in November 2016 by all AHP directors and associate directors who appointed communication support leads in their area who would support implementation at all stages at a local level. All materials relating to the survey were published on a dedicated area of a community of practice to support awareness and training during the preimplementation phase. AHPs working in adult services were asked to complete a survey with a minimum of two people they would 'typically' see in their service during a two-week period in May 2017, with the exclusion of people who were too unwell to participate, children and young people under 16 years, and adults with incapacity and without a guardianship arrangement in place. Approval was gained from the Public Benefit Privacy Panel to link the survey data to participants' health service usage using their CHI number. Completed forms were returned to the University of Strathclyde for entry into an encrypted electronic database using a double data entry process and were allocated a unique identifier. The unique identifier and CHI numbers were sent to Information Services Division (ISD), and then, the CHI numbers were deleted from the encrypted database. ISD sent the linked health data to the Scottish Government Analytical Services Division, which thus produced a full encrypted and anonymised database. RESULTS: The data explain what stages on the LifeCurve™ AHPs are intervening, and the matched data provide associated healthcare costs at each stage. Due to poor or missing data in the AHP/Service section, only 60% (n = 8261) of the total completed surveys were able to be matched with health service usage records. These data show that whilst AHPs are seeing people at each of the 15 ADL/IADL stages on the LifeCurve™, interventions fell into three groups where 25% of people where seen at the 'precurve' stage, 13% of people at 'mid-curve' (stage number five), and 39% of people at 'late-curve' (stages 10 to 13). The healthcare cost usage of these participants increased the further along the LifeCurve™ a person moves, with an average annual cost of £2700 at 'precurve' rising to £12,330 at 'late-curve' in 2016-2017. The results indicate that different services and professions are represented at each of these three points. So, for example, as might be expected, outpatient (especially musculoskeletal) services were seen more often at the 'precurve' stage, and in-patient and community rehabilitation, services were seen more often at the 'late-curve' stages; diagnostic radiographers and orthoptists saw people at the 'early-curve' stages, dieticians and podiatrists saw people at the 'mid-curve' stage, whilst physiotherapists, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists saw people at the 'late-curve' stages. Data analysis showed this pattern is different for people receiving mental health services and, so, their data were removed and will be analysed and reported separately. CONCLUSIONS: It is clear from the results that healthcare costs increased as participants moved down LifeCurve™ stages, that is, as their levels of functional decline increase. It is also clear that AHPs are intervening late in a person's functional decline with associated limitations on changing their ageing trajectory. The cost consequence of this is significant - moving someone from 'late- to mid-curve' could save £3200 per person per annum. However, those AHPs typically associated with reabling approaches and rehabilitation, which have greatest potential to change ageing trajectories, were not represented at the 'mid-curve' stage (e.g., physiotherapists, occupational therapists). Therefore, we must find places to have conversations with people to inform them that functional decline is malleable and not inevitable purely by virtue of chronological age and provide education and support to prevent or reverse functional decline and collaborate around strategic planning and commissioning to offer different options that support an optimum LifeCurve™.

Protein-Protein Interactions and Aggregation Inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a multifaceted disorder, involves complex pathophysiology and plethora of protein-protein interactions. Thus such interactions can be exploited to develop anti-AD drugs. OBJECTIVE: The interaction of dynamin-related protein 1, cellular prion protein, phosphoprotein phosphatase 2A and Mint 2 with amyloid ß, etc., studied recently, may have critical role in progression of the disease. Our objective has been to review such studies and their implications in design and development of drugs against the Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Such studies have been reviewed and critically assessed. RESULTS: Review has led to show how such studies are useful to develop anti-AD drugs. CONCLUSION: There are several PPIs which are current topics of research including Drp1, Aß interactions with various targets including PrPC, Fyn kinase, NMDAR and mGluR5 and interaction of Mint2 with PDZ domain, etc., and thus have potential role in neurodegeneration and AD. Finally, the multi-targeted approach in AD may be fruitful and opens a new vista for identification and targeting of PPIs in various cellular pathways to find a cure for the disease.

The relationship of the female reproductive success of Eucalyptus globulus to the endogenous properties of the flower.

Low capsule and seed set is a major factor limiting seed production in Eucalyptus globulus seed orchards. Controlled pollination studies showed that the reproductive success (number of seeds produced per flower pollinated) was primarily determined by the female. We aimed to identify the factors contributing to the differences in reproductive success between female genotypes in terms of the physical and anatomical properties of the flower. We studied pairs of genotypes of high and low reproductive success from each of three races (Furneaux Group, Strzelecki Ranges and Western Otways) growing in a seed orchard. Controlled pollinations were performed on six females and along with flower physical measurements, pollen tube growth and seed set were assessed. Overall tree reproductive success was positively correlated with flower size, ovule numbers, style size, cross-sectional area of conductive tissue within the style (all of which were inter-correlated) and the proportion of pollen tubes reaching the bottom of the style. Significant positive correlations of reproductive success and flower physical properties between different ramets of the same genotypes across seasons suggests a genetic basis to the variation observed. The majority of pollen tube attrition occurred within the first millimetre of the cut style and appeared to be associated with differences in style physiology. When examined as pairs within races the difference in reproductive success for the Western Otways pair was simply explained by differences in flower size and the number of ovules per flower. Physical features did not differ significantly for the Strzelecki Ranges pair, but the proportion of pollen tubes reaching the bottom of the style was lower in the less reproductively successful genotype, suggesting an endogenous physiological constraint to pollen tube growth. The difference in reproductive success between the females from the Furneaux Group was associated with a combination of these factors.

Insulin resistance in divergent strains of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows offered fresh pasture and increasing amounts of concentrate in early lactation.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the physiological response to an intravenous glucose challenge would be affected by genetic strain or concentrate supplementation in grazing Holstein-Friesian cows in early lactation. North American (NA; n = 30) or New Zealand (NZ; n = 30) cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 feeding treatments. All cows were offered a generous pasture allowance, and 4 of the 6 groups received either 3 or 6 kg of dry matter (DM)/cow per day of concentrates. During wk 5 of lactation, all cows underwent an intravenous glucose challenge. Cows of NA origin produced more milk than NZ cows, but there was no significant strain effect on milk fat or protein yield. Milk yield and the yield of individual components increased with increasing level of concentrate eaten, but there were no significant strain x diet interactions. During wk 1 to 6, mean body weight and body condition score decreased in all treatments. Average body weight was greater in NA cows, but body condition score was greater for NZ cows. There was no strain or diet effect on the length of the postpartum anovulatory interval, with cows ovulating before 40 d postpartum on average. Glucose fractional turnover rate was greater in NZ cows compared with those of NA origin and in all cows receiving 6 kg of DM concentrates, indicating a less severe insulin resistance in those treatments. Consistent with this, the time taken to dispose of half the peak glucose concentration was less when 6 kg of DM concentrate was fed, and tended to be less in NZ than in NA cows. There was no effect of genetic strain on glucose area under the curve (AUC) at 60 or 120 min, but AUC at both time points was less in cows receiving 6 kg of DM concentrates per day. Neither genetic strain nor nutrition affected basal or peak insulin concentrations, insulin increment, or insulin AUC, and there were no strain x diet interactions for any of the glucose challenge response variables measured. In conclusion, differences in milk production between NA and NZ cows in early lactation can, at least in part, be explained by the greater degree of insulin resistance in the NA cows, and this insulin resistance can be overcome by supplementing grazing cows with 6 kg of DM concentrates.

Effect of restricted feeding and monopropylene glycol postpartum on metabolic hormones and postpartum anestrus in grazing dairy heifers.

This study was designed to determine the effects of feed restriction and monopropylene glycol (MPG) supplementation on the reproductive, milk production, and somatotropic axes in dairy heifers postpartum. At calving, 49 Holstein-Friesian heifers were allowed either unrestricted (UNR; n = 18) or restricted access to pasture with (RES+MPG; n = 13) or without (RES; n = 18) MPG supplementation (250 mL drenched twice daily for 150 d). The average body condition score (BCS) of the heifers was 5.3 +/- 0.2 on a scale from 1 to 10 (where 1 = emaciated and 10 = obese). Body condition score and body weight were similar among the groups at calving and decreased after calving for all groups. However, body weight loss was around 10% greater for the RES and RES+MPG groups from wk 3 to 12 compared with UNR group. The length of the postpartum anestrous interval was similar for all groups (47, 51, and 45 +/- 5 d for the UNR, RES, and RES+MPG, respectively). Average milk production, protein, fat, and lactose yields during the first 12 wk postpartum were greater in the UNR group than in the RES and RES+MPG groups. Feed restriction affected plasma concentrations of insulin, with lower concentrations in the RES group compared with the UNR group. There were no differences in plasma concentrations of insulin between the RES+MPG group and the UNR or RES groups. An effect of feed restriction was observed on insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations and also a treatment by time interaction with a changing pattern through time as concentrations in the UNR group increased relative to the RES and RES+MPG groups. There were no differences in growth hormone concentrations among the groups. Glucose concentrations were lower in the RES group when compared with RES+MPG and UNR groups and this difference lessened over time. Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids were greater in the RES group compared with the RES+MPG and UNR groups. Leptin concentrations in the UNR group were greater than in the RES and RES+MPG groups. Hepatic growth hormone receptor 1A, total growth hormone receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-I relative mRNA expressions decreased postpartum with no effect of feed restriction, MPG supplementation, or interaction between time and treatment. During a challenge with MPG, insulin secretion was stimulated but no effect on postpartum anestrous interval in the treatment groups was observed. It was concluded that restricted pasture availability postpartum in dairy heifers calving in optimal BCS had no effect on the postpartum anestrous interval. It did however decrease milk production; thus, we can infer that monopropylene glycol supplementation does not act to prevent loss of milk yield.

Metabolic adaptations associated with irreversible glucose loss are different to those observed during under-nutrition.

In this study the hypothesis that irreversible glucose loss results in an 'uncoupling' of the somatotrophic axis (increasing plasma GH levels and decreasing plasma IGF-I) was tested. During periods of negative energy balance the somatotrophic axis respond by increasing plasma GH and decreasing plasma IGF-I levels. In turn, elevated GH repartitions nutrient by increasing lipolysis and protein synthesis, and decreases protein degradation. Irreversible glucose loss was induced using sub-cutaneous injections of phloridizin. Seven non-lactating cows were treated with 8g/day phloridizin (PHZ) and seven control animals (CTRL, 0g/day), while being restricted to a diet of 80% maintenance. PHZ treatment increased urinary glucose excretion (P<0.001), resulting in hypoglycemia (P<0.001). As a response to this glucose loss, the PHZ treated animals had elevated plasma NEFA (P<0.005) and BHBA (P<0.001) levels. Average plasma insulin concentrations were not altered with PHZ treatment (P=0.059). Plasma GH was not different between the two groups (P>0.1), whereas plasma IGF-I levels decreased significantly (P<0.001) with PHZ treatment. The decline in plasma IGF-I concentrations was mirrored by a decrease in the abundance of hepatic IGF-I mRNA (P=0.005), in addition the abundance of hepatic mRNA for both growth hormone receptors (GHR(tot) and GHR(1A)) was also decreased (P<0.05). Therefore, the irreversible glucose loss resulted in a partial 'uncoupling' of the somatotrophic axis, as no increase in plasma GH levels occurred although plasma IGF-I levels, hepatic IGF-I mRNA declined, and the abundance of liver GH receptor mRNA declined.

A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian cows grazed on pasture: growth, development, and puberty.

With the introduction of a protein milk payment system in New Zealand in 1988, there was an influx of North American (NA) Holstein-Friesian (HF) genetics into New Zealand (NZ) dairy herds, leading to an increase in the average percentage of NA genetics in NZ HF cows--from 2% in 1980 to 38% in 1999. Of interest has been the effect this change has had on farm profitability and on the management required for these animals, as well as the phenotypic changes that have occurred within the national herd under the breeding programs operated in NZ from 1970 to 1990. The objective of this study was to quantify differences in body dimensions, body weights, and puberty-related parameters among 3 strains of HF, representing animals of NZ origin representative of the genetics present in 1970 and 1990 and of NA origin with 1990s genetics. A total of 172 animals born in 1999 were compared. The strains were 1) NZ70, a strain of NZ Friesian (average 7% NA genetics) equivalent to high-genetic-merit (high Breeding Worth) cows farmed in the 1970s; 2) NZ90, a strain of HF of NZ origin (average 24% NA genetics) typical of the animals present in the 1990s; and 3) NA90, a strain of HF of NA origin (average of 91% NA genetics) typical of animals present in the 1990s. The differences in BW among all strains were significant at 6 and 12 mo of age. At 15 and 24 mo, the 2 NZ strains were significantly lighter than the NA90 animals. At 24 mo of age (i.e., prior to first calving), the NA90 strain animals (BW = 515 kg) were 22 and 34 kg heavier than the NZ90 and NZ70 strains. The body length of the NA90 strain was greater than either of the 2 NZ strains; the differences among the NA90 strain and the 2 NZ strains varied from 2 to 6 cm, with the differences generally being greater at older ages. The trend in heart girth difference among strains was similar to that observed for body length. The wither height of the NA90 animals was greater than that of the NZ strains by 1 to 7 cm, although there was no significant difference between the NA90 and NZ90 strains at birth. At puberty the NA90 heifers were 20 d older and 20 kg heavier than the NZ90 heifers, which in turn were 25 kg and 25 d older than the NZ70 heifers. The NA90 strain had a heavier mature body weight, and their older age at puberty suggested either that they mature later or that, under pastoral conditions, their growth rate is limited by their inability to consume sufficient metabolizable energy as grazed pasture, with a consequent delay in puberty. Results from this study will be useful in revising target BW in growing heifers of different germplasm.

Effect of monopropylene glycol on luteinizing hormone, metabolites, and postpartum anovulatory intervals in primiparous dairy cows.

This study examined the effect of monopropylene glycol (MPG) supplementation on LH secretion, postpartum interval to first ovulation, and milk production in heifers calving with poor body condition score (BCS). Forty-seven heifers were allocated to 3 treatments: 1) heifers with high BCS (BCH; n = 13) that calved at a BCS of 3.4 (BCS scale of 1 to 5); 2) heifers with low BCS (BCL; n = 17) that calved at a BCS of 2.8; and 3) heifers with low BCS that calved at a BCS of 2.8 and were assigned to receive MPG supplementation (BCL + MPG; n = 17) and grazed pasture ad libitum. Monopropylene glycol was drenched (250 mL) twice daily for 16 wk after calving. Patterns of change in plasma LH were measured at 2 and 5 wk after calving. Pulsatile release of LH at 2 and 5 wk was greater in BCL + MPG and BCH cows compared with the BCL control cows. The BCL + MPG cows had lower NEFA concentrations than did the BCL cows during wk 1 to 6 after calving. At 12 wk postpartum, the proportion of cows cycling was 77, 82, and 28% for the BCH, BCL + MPG, and BCL treatments, respectively. Mean milk fat yield was greater for the BCH treatment during the first 12 wk postpartum compared with the BCL + MPG or BCL treatments, which did not differ from each other. Results of this study indicate that MPG supplementation reduced the interval from calving to first ovulation in heifers having poor body condition at calving.

Precalving effects on metabolic responses and postpartum anestrus in grazing primiparous dairy cows.

The effect of increased access to pasture feeding during the last 6 wk of gestation on metabolic responses and postpartum anestrous interval was investigated. Heifers with a body condition score (BCS) of 5.0 (BC5+FF; on a 1-to-10 scale, US = 1.5 + 0.32 x New Zealand) were offered unrestricted pasture, and those with BCS 4.0 were fed either pasture unrestricted (BC4+FF) or restricted (BC4+RES) for the last 6 wk of gestation. After calving, all groups were offered unrestricted pasture. Mean BCS at calving for BC5+FF, BC4+FF, and BC4+RES were 4.7 +/- 0.1, 4.3 +/- 0.1, and 3.5 +/- 0.1, respectively. At 35 d postpartum, LH pulse frequency was lower in BC4+RES than in BC4+FF and BC5+FF, which were similar. At 77 d after calving, 8% of BC4+RES cows had ovulated compared with 75% of BC4+FF and 69% of BC5+FF cows. Metabolic hormonal differences between BC4+FF and BC4+RES were not reflected in the differences between BC4+FF and BC5+FF for LH pulse frequency or ovulation. Unrestricted access to pasture during the final 6 wk of gestation for BC4 heifers reduced the risk of prolonged postpartum anestrus. Systemic factors, tissue sensitivity, and critical developmental set points are probably involved in the integrated control of ovulation by body condition.

Temporal assessment of Candida risk factors in the surgical intensive care unit.

HYPOTHESIS: Risk factors for Candida infection in surgical intensive care units (SICUs) change over time. Risk factor progression may influence Candida colonization and infection. DESIGN: Multicenter cohort survey. SETTING: Three urban teaching institutions. PATIENTS: A total of 301 consecutively admitted patients in SICUs for 5 or more days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessment of patients on SICU days 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 and SICU discharge for risk factors, Candida colonization, and antifungal use. Candida colonization status was categorized as noncolonized (NC), locally colonized (LC) if 1 site was involved, and disseminated infection (DI) if 2 or more sites or candidemia were involved. RESULTS: The most frequent risk factors in the 301 patients enrolled were presence of peripheral and central intravenous catheters, bladder catheters, mechanical ventilation, and lack of enteral or intravenous nutrition. Early risk factors included total parenteral nutrition or central catheter at SICU day 1 and previous SICU admissions or surgical procedures. Peak number of risk factors (mean +/- SD) were as follows: 7.2 +/- 2.6 in NC (n = 229), 9.2 +/- 2.3 in LC (n = 45), and 9.2 +/- 2.6 in DI (n = 27). These numbers were reached at day 8 in the NC and LC groups and day 4 in the DI group. The LC and DI groups had more risk factors on each SICU day than the NC group and longer median SICU length of stay (28 days in the DI group vs 11 and 19 days in the NC and LC groups, respectively). Antifungal therapy, while used most frequently in the DI group, was initiated later for this group than in NC and LC groups. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for Candida infection in SICU patients change over time. Patients with DI demonstrate a greater number of and more rapid increase in risk factors than patients in the LC and NC groups. Presence of early risk factors at the time of SICU admission, a high incidence of risk factors, or a rapid increase in risk factors should prompt clinicians to obtain surveillance fungal cultures and consider empirical antifungal therapy.

Psychometric evaluation of the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: The psychometric properties of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), a subset of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), have been tested in the general population and certain disease states. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF-12 as a generic measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient populations in clinical trials. METHODS: Data were aggregated from 5 clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in OA (n = 651) and RA (n = 693) patients. Patient assessments in these trials were made using the SF-36 and commonly used clinical measures of OA and RA at baseline and after up to 6 weeks of treatment. For the items of the SF-36 contained in the SF-12, the item missing rate, computability of scores, floor and ceiling effects, factor structure, and item-component correlations were evaluated. Clinical variables and correlations of physical component summary (PCS-12) and mental component summary (MCS-12) scores of the SF-12 with the corresponding SF-36 component summary scores (PCS-36 and MCS-36) were also examined. Analyses were conducted separately for OA and RA patients. RESULTS: A low individual SF-12 item missing rate (0.29% to 2.30%) and a high percentage score computability (90.9%-94.3%) were observed at baseline. No floor or ceiling effects at baseline were observed. The scree plot confirmed the 2-factor structure of the SF-12 items. Items belonging to the physical component correlated more strongly with the PCS-12 than with the MCS-12; similarly, items belonging to the mental component correlated more strongly with the MCS-12 than with the PCS-12. The correlations between the PCS-12 and PCS-36 and between the MCS-12 and MCS-36 ranged from 0.92 to 0.96 (P < 0.001) at baseline and at week 2, 4, or 6. Significant correlations ranging from -0.09 to -0.58 (P < 0.05) were observed between the SF-12 scores and clinical variables. CONCLUSION: The SF-12 appears to be a psychometrically sound tool for the assessment of HRQoL in OA and RA patients.

A prospective trial of telepathology for intraoperative consultation (frozen sections).

Telepathology is a maturing technology that, for a variety of reasons, has not been widely deployed. In addition, clinical validation is relatively modest compared with accepted telemedicine applications such as teleradiology. A prototype telepathology system (Tele-Path(sm)) featuring high-resolution images selected from a remote microscope site has been developed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). To validate the diagnostic efficacy of the system, a prospective study was undertaken of parallel diagnoses by conventional microscopy and telepathology with a remotely operated microscope. Slides from 99 intraoperative consultations from 29 tissue/ organ sites in the University of Alabama Hospitals by 9 academic pathologists were used in the study. Each microscopic and telepathology diagnosis was compared with the final diagnosis rendered by a referee pathologist. Diagnoses were classified as correct, false positive, or false negative or classification error. Of the 99 frozen sections evaluated, 3 cases were deferred. Of the remaining 96 cases, 2 received incorrect diagnoses in both the microscopic and telepathology arms of the study. Three errors occurred only in the telepathology arm. There was 1 false-positive diagnosis, 1 false-negative diagnosis, and 1 classification error. Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference between telepathology and conventional microscopy. Qualitative data indicated that the pathologists were generally satisfied with the performance of the system. Telepathology using this system paradigm is sufficiently accurate for real time utilization in a complex surgical environment. Telepathology therefore may be an effective model to support the surgical services of hospitals lacking full-time pathology coverage, resulting in full-time access to anatomic pathology services.

Predictors of childhood immunization completion in a rural population.

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, immunization rates among two-year old children continue to be low in many areas of the United States including rural West Virginia. The goal of this study was to identify barriers to childhood immunization in rural West Virginia and determine factors that were important in the completion of the childhood immunization schedule. A telephone survey was used to collect data from a randomly selected sample of 316 mothers, of two-year olds, from 18 rural counties of West Virginia. Results indicated that two-thirds or 65% of the children in the study sample had completed their recommended immunizations by two years of age. Immunization barriers identified in this study include: living in health professional shortage areas, lack of health insurance, negative beliefs and attitudes regarding childhood immunizations, problems accessing the immunization clinic, and a perception of inadequate support from the immunization clinic. Results of the structural equation modeling, using LISREL-8, indicated that 20% of the variation in immunization completion (R2 = 0.197) was explained by attitude towards immunization and perceived support received from the immunization clinic. Furthermore, 42% of the variation in attitude towards immunization (R2 = 0.419) was explained by immunization-related beliefs, and 28% of the variation in immunization-related beliefs (the R2 = 0.277) was explained by general problems faced during immunization and perceived clinic support. The study concluded that positive immunization-related beliefs and attitudes, support from the immunization clinic, and ease of the immunization seeking process are important factors in the timely completion of the childhood immunization schedule.

Preoperative assessment of adenylylcyclase activity as a functional marker of islet cell quality after transplantation in rats.

To determine the potential value of measuring adenylylcyclase activity as a pre-transplant functional marker of pancreatic islet cell quality, a production rate of adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate was measured with a fluorometric assay in rat islet cells before transplantation. Islets were stored for different periods of time (0 to 96 hours) and in different preservation solutions. The adenylylcyclase activities of islets stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for 3 hours after isolation were significantly higher than those stored in Hanks' balanced salt solution. Similarly, the adenylylcyclase activities of islets stored for more than 24 hours in UW solution decreased significantly with prolonged storage time. Preoperative adenylylcyclase activity was compared with post-transplant islet function in a rat model of diabetes. Transplant success was evaluated by measuring blood glucose level and body weight. Although all transplants were ultimately successful in this study, the rate at which they achieved euglycemia varied, and this is the property that correlated with pre-transplant basal or forskolin-stimulated adenylylcyclase activity. Additional studies showed that it was feasible to measure adenylylcyclase activity in human islet cells. We conclude that preoperative measurement of basal and stimulated adenylylcyclase activity may provide a useful clinical marker for assessing islet cell quality and differences in preservation media and may predict transplant success. Based on these data, additional studies evaluating the feasibility of using adenylylcyclase activity as a research and clinical marker of islet cell viability are warranted.

Persuasive messages. Development of persuasive messages may help increase mothers' compliance of their children's immunization schedule.

Effective immunization campaigns can be designed by determining which persuasion strategy is most effective in attracting the attention of mothers of preschoolers. The authors assess the impact of three persuasional strategies: fear-arousal, motherhood-arousal, and rational messages, on mothers of preschoolers who are late for their immunizations. The fear-arousal message was found to be most effective, followed by the motherhood-arousal, and then the rational message, in attracting mothers' attention to their child's immunization status.

Sporadic hypoparathyroidism caused by de Novo gain-of-function mutations of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor.

Activating mutations of the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaR) gene have been identified in families with autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism and in one patient with sporadic hypoparathyroidism. Here, we describe two additional patients with sporadic hypoparathyroidism. One patient presented with mild symptoms at age 18 yr; the other was severely symptomatic from infancy. A heterozygous missense mutation was identified in each patient. One mutation (L773R) involved the fifth transmembrane domain of the CaR, the other (N118K) affected the amino-terminal, extracellular domain. In both cases, the probands' parents lacked the mutation, indicating that the mutations arose de novo. In expression studies the mutations shifted the concentration-response curve to the left and increased maximal activity. We conclude that 1) sporadic hypoparathyroidism can be caused by de novo gain-of-function mutations of the CaR; 2) the phenotype can vary from mild to life-threatening hypocalcemia; 3) gain-of-function mutations can involve not only extracellular regions, as previously reported, but also transmembrane domains of the CaR; and 4) the mechanism of activation can involve both increased receptor sensitivity to Ca2+ and increased maximal signal transduction.

The gift relationship between pharmaceutical companies and physicians: an exploratory survey of physicians.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to survey physicians' attitudes surrounding the 'gift relationship' between pharmaceutical companies and physicians. A survey was mailed to 1000 randomly selected West Virginia physicians, of which 283 (28.3%) responses were received. The most commonly received gifts reported by the study physicians were trinkets (77.4%), followed by books (41.7%) and meals (41%). Principal component analysis and varimax rotation identified seven physician belief constructs. The mean ratings of the constructs indicated that the physicians slightly agreed that pharmaceutical companies give gifts to physicians to influence their prescribing, moderately disagreed that they do so as a form of professional recognition of physicians, and strongly disagreed that their prescribing behaviour could be influenced by the gifts they receive. Physicians slightly disagreed that pharmaceutical companies' sponsoring of CME programmes are only promotional gimmicks. Although the study physicians slightly disagreed that it may be inappropriate for them to accept gifts from pharmaceutical companies, they seemed slightly averse to having 'gift relationships' between pharmaceutical companies and physicians made public. Correlation analysis suggested that physicians who have a large number of patients in their practice, see a larger number of patients per day, or write a large number of prescriptions per day are more likely to be offered gifts by pharmaceutical companies, and they are also more likely to condone the practice of gift giving and receiving.

Mimics of the sialyl Lewis X tetrasaccharide. Replacement of the N-acetylglucosamine sugar with simple C2-symmetric 1,2-diols.

Analogues of sialyl Lewis X have been synthesized that feature replacement of the N-acetylglucosamine residue with C2-symmetric diols. The diols used contain different levels of torsional constraint and various functional groups. The cyclohexyl derived compound 27 was equipotent to sLex in vitro (IC50 0.5 mM).