ABSTRACT
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an endogenous DNA sensor that synthesizes cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP) from ATP and GTP. 2'3'-cGAMP activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, resulting in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) is the phosphodiesterase that negatively regulates the STING pathway by hydrolyzing 2'3'-cGAMP. It has been established that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a major role in inhibiting tumor growth by upregulating T cell response. Herein, we demonstrate that AVA-NP-695, a selective and highly potent ENPP1 inhibitor, apart from the immunomodulatory effect also modulates cancer metastasis by negatively regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We established that the combined addition of 2'3'-cGAMP and AVA-NP-695 significantly abrogated the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-êµ)-induced EMT in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, results from the in vivo study showed superior tumor growth inhibition and impact on tumor metastasis of AVA-NP-695 compared to Olaparib and PD-1 in a syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer mouse model. The translation of efficacy from in vitro to in vivo 4T1 tumor model provides a strong rationale for the therapeutic potential of AVA-NP-695 against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) as an immunomodulatory and anti-metastatic agent.
Subject(s)
Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , DNA , Guanosine Triphosphate , Humans , Interferons , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism , Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/metabolism , Pyrophosphatases/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor betaABSTRACT
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. The substantial risk factors for OCSCC are the consumption of tobacco products, alcohol, betel quid, areca nut, and genetic alteration. However, technological advancements have occurred in treatment, but the survival decreases with late diagnosis; therefore, new methods are continuously being investigated for treatment. In addition, the rate of secondary tumor formation is 3-7% yearly, which is incomparable to other malignancies and can lead to the disease reoccurrence. Oral cavity cancer (OCC) arises from genetic alterations, and a complete understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in OCC is essential to develop targeted treatments. This review aims to update the researcher on oral cavity cancer, risk factors, genetic alterations, molecular mechanism, classification, diagnostic approaches, and treatment.