ABSTRACT
A novel category of major intrinsic proteins which share weak similarities with previously identified aquaporin subfamilies was recently identified in land plants, and named X (for unrecognized) intrinsic proteins (XIPs). Because XIPs are still ranked as uncharacterized proteins, their further molecular characterization is required. Herein, a systematic fine-scale analysis of XIP sequences found in flowering plant databases revealed that XIPs are found in at least five groups. The phylogenetic relationship of these five groups with the phylogenetic organization of angiosperms revealed an original pattern of evolution for the XIP subfamily through distinct angiosperm taxon-specific clades. Of all flowering plant having XIPs, the genus Populus encompasses the broadest panel and the highest polymorphism of XIP isoforms, with nine PtXIP sequences distributed within three XIP groups. Comprehensive PtXIP gene expression patterns showed that only two isoforms (PtXIP2;1 and PtXIP3;2) were transcribed in vegetative tissues. However, their patterns are contrasted, PtXIP2;1 was ubiquitously accumulated whereas PtXIP3;2 was predominantly detected in wood and to a lesser extent in roots. Furthermore, only PtXIP2;1 exhibited a differential expression in leaves and stems of drought-, salicylic acid-, or wounding-challenged plants. Unexpectedly, the PtXIPs displayed different abilities to alter water transport upon expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. PtXIP2;1 and PtXIP3;3 transported water while other PtXIPs did not.
Subject(s)
Aquaporins/genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Magnoliopsida/genetics , Phylogeny , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Populus/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Aquaporins/classification , Aquaporins/metabolism , Biological Transport , Droughts , Environment , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology , Magnoliopsida/metabolism , Magnoliopsida/physiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Multigene Family , Organ Specificity , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Leaves/physiology , Plant Proteins/classification , Plant Proteins/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Roots/genetics , Plant Roots/metabolism , Plant Roots/physiology , Plant Stems/genetics , Plant Stems/metabolism , Plant Stems/physiology , Populus/metabolism , Populus/physiology , Protein Isoforms , Sequence Alignment , Water/metabolism , Wood/genetics , Wood/metabolism , Wood/physiology , Xenopus laevis/genetics , Xenopus laevis/metabolismABSTRACT
This review examines the current understanding of the structural, functional and regulatory properties of C4 and C3 forms of higher plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The emphasis is on the interactive metabolic and post-translational controls acting on the enzyme in the physiological context of C4 photosynthesis and the anaplerotic pathway. A brief overview is given concerning the recent developments of PEPC-based genetic engineering of C3 plants with the aim of improving photosynthetic performance in normal and limiting environmental conditions. So far, in spite of achieving a considerable increase in PEPC levels, more work needs to be done with respect to the correct dosage and location before that goal is reached. Some unpublished results on the transformation of maize with a sorghum C4 PEPC cDNA are also presented. They show that it is possible to increase photosynthetic PEPC levels in this C4 plant and that the modification in enzyme content has a pleiotropic physiological impact and, notably, an improved water use efficiency when water is limited.
