Treinamento e critérios padronizados aprimoram o diagnóstico de lesões pré-malignas da mama / Training and standardized criteria improve the diagnosis of premalignant breast lesions

OBJETIVO: analisar a variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico histopatológico de lesões mamárias consideradas pré-malignas antes e após o treinamento com o uso de critérios diagnósticos padronizados. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas lâminas contendo cortes histológicos representativos de três tipos de lesões mamárias (hiperplasia ductal atípica, carcinoma ductal in situ e carcinoma ductal in situ com microinvasão) revistas por um especialista internacional em patologia mamária e cujos diagnósticos foram considerados como padrão de referência. As mesmas lâminas foram avaliadas em dois tempos por cinco patologistas da comunidade que receberam um protocolo específico para classificar as lesões. Na primeira avaliação, os casos foram analisados e classificados usando critérios específicos adotados em cada serviço. Num segundo tempo, os patologistas receberam um tutorial contendo critérios diagnósticos e imagens representativas e novamente classificaram as lesões empregando os critérios padronizados. Foi realizada análise interobservador usando concordância percentual e o índice de Kappa ponderado. RESULTADOS: houve grande variabilidade diagnóstica entre os patologistas na análise inicial sem o uso de critérios diagnósticos padronizados quanto ao diagnóstico, grau nuclear e grau histológico (os índices de Kappa ponderado quanto ao diagnóstico variaram de 0,15 a 0,40). Na segunda avaliação, utilizando-se critérios padronizados, houve significativa melhora na concordância diagnóstica entre os cinco patologistas quanto ao diagnóstico, grau nuclear e grau histológico (os índices de Kappa ponderado quanto ao diagnóstico variaram de 0,42 a 0,80). CONCLUSÕES: a concordância interobservador no diagnóstico e classificação das lesões pré-malignas da mama pode ser melhorada com o treinamento específico e o uso de critérios histopatológicos padronizados.

PURPOSE: to analyze interobserver variability in the histopathological diagnosis of premalignant breast lesions before and after training with diagnostic standardized criteria. METHODS: Slides containing histological sections representative of three kinds of breast lesions (atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion), revised by an international specialist in breast pathology whose diagnoses were considered as golden standard, have been used. The same slides have been evaluated at two different times by five pathologists from the community according to a specific protocol for classifying the lesions. In the first evaluation, the cases were analyzed and classified according to the specific criteria adopted in each service. At the second time, the pathologists were given a tutorial containing diagnostic criteria and representative images, and the lesions were classified again, employing the standardized criteria. Interobserver analysis using percent agreement and weighted Kappa index has been performed. RESULTS: There has been a large diagnostic variation among the pathologists in the initial analysis without the use of standardized diagnostic criteria concerning the diagnostic, nuclear grade and histological grade (weighted Kappa indexes related to diagnosis varied from 0.15 to 0.40). In the second evaluation using standardized criteria, there has been a significant improvement in the diagnostic concordance among the five pathologists concerning the diagnosis, nuclear grade and histological grade (weighted Kappa indexes related to diagnosis have varied from 0.42 to 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: interobserver concordance related to diagnosis and classification of breast premalignant lesions may be improved with specific training and the use of standardized histopathological criteria.

Reopening of the gastroduodenal pylorus after its closure in rats.

BACKGROUND: Duodenal injury occurs in 3% to 12% of patients with abdominal trauma. The best procedure to treat major duodenal ruptures continues to be a challenge. The purpose of the present study was to analyze differences between the time of gastroduodenal pylorus reopening after its closure with different suture materials and to verify the influence of vagotomy on local tissue changes. METHODS: Thirty rats were submitted to closure of the gastroduodenal pylorus and gastrojejunal anastomosis. The animals were divided into three groups (n = 10) according to the type of suture material used: plain catgut, polyglycolic acid, and polypropylene. Half of the animals in each group (n = 5) were also submitted to truncal vagotomy. Postoperative assessment included weekly abdominal X-ray following intragastric contrast injection until re-establishment of the gastroduodenal transit or for a maximum period of 4 wk. At the end of the follow-up period, the pyloric regions and the gastrojejunal anastomosis were removed for histological analysis. The groups were compared by the Kaplan-Meier test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The polypropylene suture maintained the pylorus closed for a longer period of time (36.3 +/- 11.6 d) (P < 0.05). No difference was observed between the polyglycolic acid suture (25.8 +/- 14.2 d) and the plain catgut suture (18.7 +/- 10.2 d). Vagotomy did not influence the time of pyloric reopening, but was associated with a less intense gastric inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSIONS: The nonabsorbable suture was the most adequate for exclusion of pyloric transit. Vagotomy had no influence on the time of pyloric reopening but reduced gastric inflammation.

[Training and standardized criteria improve the diagnosis of premalignant breast lesions]. / Treinamento e critérios padronizados aprimoram o diagnóstico de lesões pré-malignas da mama.

PURPOSE: to analyze interobserver variability in the histopathological diagnosis of premalignant breast lesions before and after training with diagnostic standardized criteria. METHODS: Slides containing histological sections representative of three kinds of breast lesions (atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion), revised by an international specialist in breast pathology whose diagnoses were considered as golden standard, have been used. The same slides have been evaluated at two different times by five pathologists from the community according to a specific protocol for classifying the lesions. In the first evaluation, the cases were analyzed and classified according to the specific criteria adopted in each service. At the second time, the pathologists were given a tutorial containing diagnostic criteria and representative images, and the lesions were classified again, employing the standardized criteria. Interobserver analysis using percent agreement and weighted Kappa index has been performed. RESULTS: There has been a large diagnostic variation among the pathologists in the initial analysis without the use of standardized diagnostic criteria concerning the diagnostic, nuclear grade and histological grade (weighted Kappa indexes related to diagnosis varied from 0.15 to 0.40). In the second evaluation using standardized criteria, there has been a significant improvement in the diagnostic concordance among the five pathologists concerning the diagnosis, nuclear grade and histological grade (weighted Kappa indexes related to diagnosis have varied from 0.42 to 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: interobserver concordance related to diagnosis and classification of breast premalignant lesions may be improved with specific training and the use of standardized histopathological criteria.

A comparision of aspiration cytology and core needle biopsy according to tumor size of suspicious breast lesions.

The purpose of the study was to compare the accuracy of FNAC, CNB, and combined biopsy according to tumor size of suspicious breast lesions. FNAC and CNB were performed in 264 patients with suspicious breast lesions from August, 1997 to August, 2002. The procedures were guided by ultrasound and performed in the same session by the same operator. The lesions were divided in four groups according to the tumor size in the histopathology report: lesions smaller than 1 cm, between 1 and 2 cm, between 2 and 5 cm, and lesions greater than 5 cm. The final surgical histopatology results identified 222 (84%) malignant cases and benign lesions summed 42 (16%). For lesions smaller than 1 cm, FNAC, CNB, and combined biopsy were equivalent for all parameters. For lesions between 1 and 2 cm, FNAC and CNB were equivalent. Combined biopsy showed higher absolute sensitivity (P = 0.007) and lower inadequate rate (P = 0.03) when compared to FNAC. However, when combined biopsy and CNB were compared, no difference were found. For lesions between 2 and 5 cm, CNB showed higher absolute sensitivity (P < 0.001) and lower inadequate rate (P < 0.007) when compared to FNAC. Combined biopsy showed higher sensitivity compared to FNAC and CNB alone (P < 0.05) in this group. For lesions greater than 5 cm, FNAC and CNB were equivalent for all parameters. Combined biopsy only showed higher absolute sensitivity (P = 0.04) when compared with FNAC alone. The combination of FNAC and CNB can improve the diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions higher than 1 cm. However, for lesions smaller than 1 cm, our results showed no difference between FNAC, CNB, and combined biopsy, for these lesions any modality has technical limitations.

Concordância interobservador na interpretação imuno-histoquímica da superexpressão do Her2 detectada por cinco diferentes anticorpos em array de carcinomas mamários / Interobserver agreement in scoring immunohistochemical overexpression of Her2 detected by five different antibodies on tissue microarrays of breast carcinomas

OBJETIVO: Estudar a concordância interobservador na interpretação da superexpressão imuno-histoquímica para a proteína Her2 empregando diferentes anticorpos em array de carcinomas mamários. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi construído um array contendo dois cilindros (2 mm de diâmetro cada) de 25 carcinomas mamários. Cortes histológicos seriados do array foram submetidos à imuno-histoquímica utilizando-se cinco anticorpos anti-Her2: SP3 (NeoMarkers), HercepTest e A0485 (Dako), CB11 (Novocastra) e 4D5 (Genentech). Uma lâmina corada por cada anticorpo (total = cinco lâminas) foi submetida à avaliação individual por cinco observadores seguindo-se o sistema de escore proposto no HercepTestTM. Para a avaliação interobservador os resultados foram interpretados em três diferentes análises: I (0; 1+; 2+; 3+); II (0 e 1+; 2+ e 3+) e III (0 e 1+; 2+; 3+) e aplicado o teste estatístico de kappa. RESULTADOS: A concordância interobservador foi boa quando os casos foram avaliados em quatro categorias (0; 1+; 2+; 3+). Quando avaliados em duas categorias (0 e 1+; 2+ e 3+), a concordância interobservador foi boa para os casos corados por SP3 e CB11 e muito boa para os corados por A0485, HercepTest e 4D5. Na análise III (0 e 1+; 2+; 3+), a concordância interobservador foi considerada moderada para os casos corados por CB11 e boa para os corados pelos outros anticorpos. CONCLUSÃO: A concordância interobservador foi considerada entre moderada e muito boa na avaliação dos cinco anticorpos. A menor concordância interobservador ocorreu nos casos com marcações fraca (1+) e moderada (2+). A experiência dos observadores influenciou as taxas de concordância.

AIM: To examine interobserver agreement in immunohistochemical evaluation of Her2 overexpression using five different antibodies on breast cancer array. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Material and method: One array was built with two cores (2 mm diameter each) from 25 breast carcinomas. Serial sections from the array were submitted to immunohistochemistry using five anti-Her2 antibodies: SP3 (NeoMarkers), HercepTest and A0485 (Dako), CB11 (Novocastra), and 4D5 (Genentech). One slide immunostained for each antibody (total = five slides) were independently scored by five observers following HercepTestTM scoring system. Interobserver agreement was evaluated in three different analysis: I (0; 1+; 2+; 3+); II (0 and 1+; 2+ and 3+) and III (0 and 1+; 2+; 3+), and the kappa statistics was applied. RESULTS: There was a good rate of interobserver agreement when the four scores were considered (0; 1+; 2+; 3+). When the scores were considered in two categories (0 and 1+; 2+ and 3+) the interobserver agreement rate was considered substantial for cases stained for SP3 and CB11, and almost perfect for cases stained for A0485, HercepTest and 4D5. For analysis III (0 and 1+; 2+; 3+), a moderate rate of interobserver agreement was considered for cases stained for CB11, and a substantial rate for other antibodies. CONCLUSION: The overall interobserver agreement was considered moderate to substantial in the evaluation of cases stained for the five antibodies. The lowest rate of agreement was obtained in the evaluation of the cases scored as weak (1+) and moderate (2+). The observers experience altered the concordance rates.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease associated with Carney complex: case report and literature review

CONTEXT: Carney complex (CNC), a familial multiple neoplasm syndrome with dominant autosomal transmission, is characterized by tumors of the heart, skin, endocrine and peripheral nervous system, and also cutaneous lentiginosis. This is a rare syndrome and its main endocrine manifestation, primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), is an uncommon cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 20-year-old patient with a history of weight gain, hirsutism, acne, secondary amenorrhea and facial lentiginosis. Following the diagnosing of CNC and PPNAD, the patient underwent laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy, and she evolved with decreasing hypercortisolism. Screening was also performed for other tumors related to this syndrome. The diagnostic criteria, screening and follow-up for patients and affected family members are discussed.

CONTEXTO: O complexo de Carney (CNC), uma síndrome de neoplasia múltipla familiar com transmissão autossômica dominante, caracteriza-se por tumores cardíacos, cutâneos, endócrinos e do sistema nervoso periférico, além de lentiginose cutânea. RELATO DE CASO: Devido à raridade da síndrome, bem como de sua principal manifestação endócrina, a doença adrenal nodular pigmentada primária (PPNAD), causa incomum de síndrome de Cushing ACTH-independente, relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 20 anos com história de ganho de peso, hirsutismo, acne, amenorréia secundária e lentiginose em face. Após estabelecido o diagnóstico de CNC e PPNAD, a paciente foi submetida a adrenalectomia bilateral via laparoscópica, evoluindo com melhora do hipercortisolismo. Também foi realizado rastreamento para os demais tumores relacionados à síndrome. Serão discutidos os critérios diagnósticos, o rastreamento e o acompanhamento dos pacientes e familiares afetados.

Selecting antibodies to detect HER2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry in invasive mammary carcinomas.

There is an increasing clinical demand for HER2 analysis in breast cancer, especially since the release of trastuzumab. The authors assessed the ability of immunohistochemistry to detect HER2 overexpression in invasive mammary carcinomas (IMC) using five antibodies. Paraffin-embedded samples of 86 IMCs (T2N0) were used to compare the immunohistochemical overexpression of HER2 using two polyclonal antibodies (HercepTest [DAKO] and A0485 [DAKO]) and three monoclonal antibodies (CB11 from two different laboratories, Biogenex and Novocastra, and 4D5 [Genentech]). All immunostainings were scored according to the FDA-approved HercepTest recommendations. The HercepTest-positive cases were compared with gene amplification by FISH (Oncor Inform, Ventana). The HercepTest was positive in 31 of the 86 cases (36.1%). The DAKO antibody A0485 was positive in 25 of the 66 (37.8%). Monoclonal antibody 4D5 was positive in only 15 of the 86 cases (17.4%). There was almost total agreement in results between the two CB11 antibodies: 25 of the 86 positive cases (29.1%). All cases positive for CB11 or 4D5 were HercepTest positive. Most of the HercepTest 2+ cases were negative when using either monoclonal antibody. FISH was positive in 19 of the 20 HercepTest 3+ cases and negative in 5 HercepTest 2+ cases. Three CB11-2+ cases showed no amplification by FISH. In three FISH-positive cases the immunohistochemistry showed no overexpression by all antibodies used. These findings suggest that immunohistochemistry may be used reliably as a primary methodology for evaluating HER2; however, the use of polyclonal antibodies may not be adequate to assess HER2 overexpression. CB11, regardless of the manufacturer (Biogenex or Novocastra), showed better concordance with FISH (kappa=0.83) than did the polyclonal antibodies.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease associated with Carney complex: case report and literature review.

CONTEXT: Carney complex (CNC), a familial multiple neoplasm syndrome with dominant autosomal transmission, is characterized by tumors of the heart, skin, endocrine and peripheral nervous system, and also cutaneous lentiginosis. This is a rare syndrome and its main endocrine manifestation, primary pigmented nodular adrenal disease (PPNAD), is an uncommon cause of adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing's syndrome. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 20-year-old patient with a history of weight gain, hirsutism, acne, secondary amenorrhea and facial lentiginosis. Following the diagnosing of CNC and PPNAD, the patient underwent laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy, and she evolved with decreasing hypercortisolism. Screening was also performed for other tumors related to this syndrome. The diagnostic criteria, screening and follow-up for patients and affected family members are discussed.

Reabertura do piloro gastroduodenal após sua cerclagem, em ratos / Reopening of pylorus after its closure, in rats

OBJETIVOS: A lesão duodenal é um evento pouco freqüente, que incide em 3 por cento a 12 por cento dos pacientes com trauma de abdome. A sutura dessa ferida e a drenagem adequada da região é o tratamento mais utilizado nas lesões menores. Entretanto, as feridas de maior dimensão continuam sendo um desafio para a escolha do melhor tratamento. O fechamento do piloro e o desvio do trânsito digestório por meio de anastomose gastrojejunal é a conduta mais freqüente nessas situações. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar se há diferença entre o tempo de reabertura pilórica após sua oclusão com diferentes fios e se a vagotomia influencia nas alterações tissulares locais. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 30 ratos, submetidos à cerclagem do piloro gastroduodenal e derivação gastrojejunal. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos (n = 10), de acordo com o tipo de fio utilizado no fechamento pilórico: categute simples, ácido poliglicólico e polipropileno. Metade dos animais de cada grupo (n = 5) foram também submetidos a vagotomia troncular. O estudo pós-operatório consistiu de radiografia abdominal após injeção intragástrica de contraste baritado, semanalmente até a constatação de trânsito gastroduodenal. Em seguida, as regiões pilórica e da anastomose gastrojejunal foram retiradas para análise histológica. A comparação entre os grupos foi feita pelo teste de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: O fio de polipropileno manteve o piloro fechado por mais tempo (36,3 ± 11,6 dias) em relação aos demais fios (p <0,05), não havendo diferença entre os fios de ácido poliglicólico (25,8 ± 14,2 dias) e categute simples (18,7 ± 10,2 dias). A vagotomia não influenciou no tempo de reabertura pilórica, mas acompanhou-se de menor reação inflamatória gástrica. CONCLUSÕES: O fio inabsorvível foi o mais adequado para a exclusão do trânsito pilórico e a vagotomia não influenciou no tempo de reabertura pilórica, mas reduziu a intensidade da gastrite pós-operatória.

A mamografia e a ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico de lesões mamárias palpáveis suspeitas de malignidade / The mammography and ultrasonocraphy in suspect palpable breast lesions

As principais técnicas de detecção das doenças mamárias podem ser divididas em clínicas e instrumentais (mamografia e ultra-sonografia), confirmadas por diagnóstico cito-histológico. O importante papel da propedêutica disponível é definir se uma anormalidade está presente ou não e qual a probabilidade de malignidade. Objetivo: O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a acuidade da mamografia e da ultra- sonografia no diagnóstico de lesões mamárias palpáveis, suspeitas de malignidade. Método: Foram avaliadas 119 pacientes atendidas no Serviço de Mastologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Os testes de validade da mamografia e da ultra-sonografia foram calculados, considerando-se o exame anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica como o padrão ouro. Resultados: A mamografia e a ultra-sonografia mostraram, respectivamente, sensibilidade de 96,6% e 94,8%, especificidade de 44,4% e 34,8%, valor preditivo positivo de 89,7% e 85,8% e valor preditivo negativo de 72,7% e 61,5%. Conclusões: Nossos resultados foram semelhantes aos dos trabalhos da literatura que mostram alta sensibilidade e baixa especificidade da mamografia e ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico das lesões mamárias, com considerável sobreposição entre as características de benignidade e malignidade nos métodos avaliados. A ultra-sonografia mostrou-se como importante método complementar à mamografia em pacientes com alta densidade do parênquima mamário.

lntroduction: The most used techniques to detect mammary diseases can be divided in physical and instrumentals (mammography and ultrasonography), confirmed by cyto-histopathological exam. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of mammography and ultra-sound in the diagnosis of suspect palpable breast lesions. Method: These methods were performed in 119 patients admitted in the Masthology Service of the Hospital das Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. The histopathologic exam of the surgical specimens was used as a golden standard to establish the validity tests. Results: The mammography and ultrasonography showed respectively: sensibility of 96.6 and 94.8%, specificity of 44.4 and 34.8%, positive predictive value of 89.7 and 85.8% and negative predictive value of 72.7 and 61,5%. Conclusions: The results were similar to those reported by other authors who showed high sensibility and low specificity of mammography and ultrasonography in breast lesions. A considerable overlap between benign and malignant lesion characteristics in both methods was foumd. The ultra-sonography is an important diagnostic method to supplement the mammography, mainly in patients with dense glandular breast tissue.

HER-2/neu immunoreactivity in invasive mammary carcinomas: a comparative study using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies including the HercepTestTM

INTRODUÇAO: A superexpressão de HER-2/neu tem sido testada por imunoistoquímica como um método seguro e de baixo custo para selecionar pacientes com carcinoma mamário invasivo (CMI) para tratamento com trastuzumab, entretanto não há consenso sobre qual o melhor anticorpo a ser utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar cinco diferentes anticorpos para determinar a superexpressão do HER-2/neu em CMI. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Sessenta e seis casos de CMI fixados em formalina e incluídos em parafina foram submetidos a imunoistoquímica, utilizando-se dois anticorpos policlonais: HercepTestTM (Dako) e A0485 (Dako), e três anticorpos monoclonais: CB11 de Novocastra Laboratories e da Biogenex e 4D5 (Genentech). Todas as reações imunoistoquímicas foram interpretadas de acordo com as instruções do HercepTestTM. RESULTADOS: O A0485 foi positivo em 25/66 casos (37,9 por cento). O HercepTestTM foi positivo em 14/66 casos (21,2 por cento). Houve concordância integral nos casos corados com CB11 de ambos os fabricantes: 9/66 (13,7 por cento). O 4D5 foi positivo em somente 4/66 casos (6,1 por cento). Todos os casos positivos para CB11 e 4D5 foram positivos para o HercepTestTM. Todos os casos HercepTestTM foram positivos para o A0485. A maioria dos casos 2+ para o HercepTestTM e A0485 foi negativa com os outros anticorpos. DISCUSSAO: Houve maior incidência de superexpressão do HER-2/neu com o HercepTestTM e o A0485 do que com os anticorpos monoclonais, principalmente nos casos classificados como 2+. Não houve diferença na imunorreatividade usando-se o anticorpo CB11 dos dois diferentes fabricantes. CONCLUSAO: O uso clínico da imunoistoquímica para determinar a superexpressão do HER-2/neu necessita ainda de validações prospectivas.

Esofagite ulcerativa associada ao uso de alendronato de sódio: achados histopatológicos e endoscópicos / Ulcerative esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate sodium: histopathological and endoscopic features

RACIONAL: A esofagite induzida por drogas pode ser decorrente do contato prolongado do medicamento com a mucosa ou de alteraçöes das condiçöes locais da mucosa esofágica. O uso de alendronato de sódio, um inibidor da reabsorçäo óssea utilizado na prevençäo e tratamento da osteoporose, tem sido recentemente citado como causa de lesöes no trato gastrointestinal superior. OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados clínicos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos de pacientes com esofagite ulcerativa associada ao uso de alendronato de sódio. PACIENTES: Quatro pacientes do sexo feminino e um do sexo masculino, em tratamento de osteoporose com alendronato de sódio, submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta seguida de biopsia esofágica. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes apresentavam idade entre 64 e 84 anos e sintomatologia dispéptica após um período de 2 a 12 meses de uso de alendronato de sódio. A endoscopia digestiva mostrou área de mucosa friável, com erosäo e/ou ulceraçäo recobertas por fibrina, localizadas no terço distal do esôfago. O exame histopatológico mostrou esofagite ulcerativa caracterizada por material necrofibrinopurulento e tecido de granulaçäo, além de material amarelado e refringente à luz polarizada. Os pacientes evoluíram com remissäo completa dos sintomas após suspensäo da droga. CONCLUSÖES: As lesöes esofágicas associadas ao uso de alendronato de sódio näo säo freqüentes e parecem estar relacionadas ao uso incorreto da medicaçäo. Os endoscopistas e patologistas devem ficar atentos à possibilidade do uso de alendronato de sódio diante do diagnóstico de úlceras esofágicas em pacientes idosos, principalmente do sexo feminino. Esta identificaçäo implicaria em melhor tratamento dos pacientes

[Ulcerative esophagitis associated with the use of alendronate sodium: histopathological and endoscopic features]. / Esofagite ulcerativa associada ao uso de alendronato de sódio: achados histopatológicos e endoscópicos.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced or "pill-induced" esophagitis may be secondary to the prolonged contact of the drug with the esophageal mucosa or secondary to the drug ability to alter the local conditions. The alendronate sodium, a bone resorption inhibitor used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, has been cited, recently, as one of the causes of adverse upper gastrointestinal tract injury. AIM: To describe the clinical, endoscopic and histopathological features of patients with ulcerative esophagitis associated with alendronate sodium. PATIENTS: Four women and one man with osteoporosis were treated with alendronate sodium and submitted to endoscopy followed esophageal biopsy. RESULTS: The age range of the patients was from 64 to 84 years old. The patients showed dyspeptic symptoms after taking alendronate sodium during a period of 2-12 months. At endoscopic evaluation, the mucosa was friable, with erosion and/or ulceration covered by fibrin in the distal esophagus. The pathological examination of the esophageal biopsies revealed ulcerative esophagitis characterized by necrofibrinpurulent material, granulation tissue, and yellow refractile polarizable crystal. The patients' symptoms resolved after stopping alendronate sodium use. CONCLUSIONS: The esophagus injuries associated with alendronate sodium are not frequent and seem to be associated with the incorrect use of medication. The endoscopists and pathologists should be alert to the possibility of alendronate sodium therapy in cases of diagnosis of ulcerative esophagitis in ancient patients, particularly in women. The recognition of this condition would improve the patient care.