Emerging Imaging Techniques in Anatomy: For Teaching, Research and Clinical Practice.

Visualisation plays a key role in anatomy, where the depiction of gross anatomical structures is essential in understanding and conceptualising content during research and medical teaching. Technology has allowed us to utilise imaging techniques for the visualisation of anatomical features, pathology and correlating physiological functions in a non-invasive manner which is atypical to traditional forms of anatomical investigation. These imaging methods develop integration between anatomy and clinically oriented medical study as well as biomechanics. The progressive research in anatomy can benefit from the vast field of biomechanics which allows for precise and conclusive results regarding the biomechanical integrity of anatomical structures and allows for intricate planning of procedures. 3D imaging techniques have enhanced the modelling of internal structures which are especially essential when implemented as diagnostic tools. An integration of these modalities into medical training accommodates for a more clinically orientated and immediate visualisation as produced when utilising ultrasound imaging which has the added advantage of 3D modelling and manipulation. Immersive technology has revolutionised teaching and learning particularly during the new age of hybrid education. Visualisation in anatomy has many clinical and educational applications which can optimise research, create interactive learning experiences and aid medical practise.

A quantitative analysis of the dimensions and content of the vertebral triangle.

PURPOSE: The vertebral triangle (VT) located in the root of the neck most commonly contains the vertebral artery (VA), cervical sympathetic chain and certain roots of the brachial plexus. Although other structures have been reported, few studies have reported on the overall content of this space. Based on the current literature, there is a general paucity of anatomical information pertaining to the dimensional anatomy of the VT and specifically the structures related to it. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively analyze the size, position, content, and anatomical structures in relation to the vertebral triangle in a South African sample. METHODS: Forty-three VTs were dissected on bodies donated to science. Measurements taken include the dimensions of the triangle, as well as distances between prominent structures and landmarks of the VT. Observations were made on the presence/absence of the varying neurovascular structures within the VT. RESULTS: Mean height was 30.1 ± 1.51 mm (R) and 32.9 ± 1.78 mm (L). Mean width was 18.3 ± 0.74 mm (R) and 19.3 ± 0.98 mm (L). The C8 spinal nerve was found on average approximately halfway [16.4 ± 0.74 mm (R) and 15.9 ± 0.95 mm (L)] in the VT. The VA was present in the VT in 100% of the sample and the C7 spinal nerve and inferior sympathetic ganglia were present in more than 80% of the sample. CONCLUSION: Understanding the VT and the content is of the utmost importance and of great interest to neurosurgeons, to avoid these important neurovascular structures and prevent iatrogenic complications during surgery.