Impact evaluation of a cash-plus programme for children with disabilities in the Xiengkhouang Province in Lao PDR: study protocol for a non-randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: More than 170 countries have implemented disability-targeted social protection programmes, although few have been rigorously evaluated. Consequently, a non-randomised controlled trial is being conducted of a pilot 'cash-plus' programme implemented by UNICEF Laos and the Laos government for children with disabilities in the Xiengkhouang Province in Laos. The intervention combines a regular cash transfer with provision of assistive devices and access for caregivers to a family support programme. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The non-randomised controlled trial will involve 350 children with disabilities across 3 districts identified by programme implementers as eligible for the programme (intervention arm). Implementers have also identified approximately 180 children with disabilities in neighbouring districts, who would otherwise meet eligibility criteria but do not live in the project areas (control arm). The trial will assess the impact of the programme on child well-being (primary outcome), as well as household poverty, caregiver quality of life and time use (secondary outcomes). Baseline data are being collected May-October 2023, with endline 24 months later. Analysis will be intention to treat. A complementary process evaluation will explore the implementation, acceptability of the programme, challenges and enablers to its delivery and mechanisms of impact. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has received ethical approval from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research in Laos. Informed consent and assent will be taken by trained data collectors. Data will be collected and stored on a secure, encrypted server and its use will follow a detailed data management plan. Findings will be disseminated in academic journals and in short briefs for policy and programmatic actors, and in online and in-person events. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN80603476.

Impact of a disability-targeted microentrepreneurship programme in Kenya: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the InBusiness programme.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of livelihood interventions amongst people with disabilities. In many countries, self-employment or microentrepreneurship is a dominant source of livelihoods for people with disabilities and their caregivers. However, this group may face heightened barriers to successful microentrepreneurship, including discrimination, exclusion from training or inaccessible transport, infrastructure and communication systems. The InBusiness programme is a livelihoods programme targeted to microentrepeneurs with disabilities or their caregivers delivered by a consortium of non-governmental organisations. The programme focuses on improving the skills, practices and opportunities of microentrepreneurs while linking them with procurement opportunities with private and public institutions. This protocol describes a randomised controlled trial of the InBusiness programme in eight counties of Kenya. METHODS: The randomised controlled trial will involve 495 microentrepreneurs who have been verified as eligible for InBusiness by programme implementers. Individuals will be randomised within counties, either being invited to enrol in InBusiness in March 2023 or allocated to a control group. Participants in the control arm will receive information about compliance with business-related laws and available social protection programmes. The trial will assess the impact of InBusiness on household consumption and individual economic empowerment (primary outcomes) as well as food security, well-being, social attitudes, unmet need for disability-related services and microenterprise profits (secondary outcomes). Baseline was conducted in March 2023, and follow-up will be 24 months from baseline (12 months from completion of the programme). Analysis will be through intention to treat. A process evaluation will explore fidelity, mechanisms of impact and the role of context, and complementary qualitative research with participants will be used to triangulate findings across the trial. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence on the impact of a large-scale disability-targeted livelihood programme on household and individual financial security and well-being. Currently, there is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of livelihood programmes amongst people with disabilities, and so this trial can help inform the design and delivery of InBusiness as well as other livelihood programmes targeted to people with disabilities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN13693137. Registered on April 24, 2023.

Role of Axon Guidance Molecules in Ascending and Descending Paths in Spinal Cord Regeneration.

Axon guidance molecules (AGM) are critical regulators of neural development and play a vital role in guiding axons to their target regions during spinal cord development. The correct wiring of neural circuits depends on these molecules' precise expression and function. Defects in axonal pathfinding, growth cone navigation, axonal branching, and synapse formation have far-reaching implications for neuronal circuit construction and function after CNS traumas, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), which affect the expression or activity of AGM. Ascending and descending paths in the spinal cord have been found to include many AGM, including Netrins, Slits, Semaphorins (Sema), Ephrins, and their receptors. In contrast to the repulsive signals like Slits and Semaphorins, which restrict axonal growth and guide axons away from unsuitable locations, Netrins are appealing guidance cues that encourage axonal growth and guidance. Defects in motor function and sensory processing can result from changes in the expression or activity of Ephrins or their receptors, which play an essential role in axonal guidance and synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. Herein, we highlighted the expressions, functions, and mechanisms of AGM in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts, which can help us identify novel therapeutic targets to improve axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI.

Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

AIMS: To examine the association between alcohol consumption and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was distributed among US adults during May-August 2020 through social networks and ResearchMatch. We collected information on demographic, lifestyles and mental health symptoms including anxiety, depression, stress and post-traumatic stress disorder. Logistic regression models were used to examine the cross-sectional association between alcohol consumption and mental health symptoms. We also examined effect modification by race, age, gender, social support, financial insecurity and quarantine status. RESULTS: The analytical sample consists of 3623 adults. Stable drinking habits and regular drinking behaviors were found to co-exist with better mental health status. Participants who increased their alcohol use had higher odds of developing mental health disorders than those who maintained their pre-pandemic drinking habits. Additionally, participants who engaged in binge drinking during the pandemic had higher odds of depression and stress than those who did not. The associations regarding increased drinking and binge drinking in relation to adverse mental health outcomes were stronger among females, racial minorities, and individuals with financial concerns, poor social support and restricted quarantine status than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: During the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, increased alcohol use and binge drinking are cross-sectionally associated with higher odds of mental health disorders, which highlighted the need for targeted intervention to address the mental health needs of individuals who have engaged in these behaviors, especially among females, minorities, those with insecurities or with restricted quarantine status.

In Vivo and 3D Imaging Technique(s) for Spatiotemporal Mapping of Pathological Events in Experimental Model(s) of Spinal Cord Injury.

Endothelial damage, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neuronal degeneration are the most common events after spinal cord injury (SCI). Studies highlighted that studying the spatiotemporal profile of these events might provide a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI. For imaging of these events, available conventional techniques such as 2-dimensional histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are well established and frequently used to visualize and detect the altered expression of the protein of interest involved in these events. However, the technique requires the physical sectioning of the tissue, and results are also open to misinterpretation. Currently, researchers are focusing more attention toward the advanced tools for imaging the spinal cord's various physiological and pathological parameters. The tools include two-photon imaging, light sheet fluorescence microscopy, in vivo imaging system with fluorescent probes, and in vivo chemical and fluorescent protein-expressing viral-tracers. These techniques outperform the limitations associated with conventional techniques in various aspects, such as optical sectioning of tissue, 3D reconstructed imaging, and imaging of particular planes of interest. In addition to this, these techniques are minimally invasive and less time-consuming. In this review, we will discuss the various advanced imaging methodologies that will evolve in the future to explore the fundamental mechanisms after SCI.

Emerging role of gut microbiota in modulation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with emphasis on Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease involving chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It has been recently recognized that gut microbiota interacts with the brain, and it is termed as microbiota-gut-brain axis. Modulation of this axis has been recently reported to affect the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Gut microbiota has a pivotal role in regulating multiple neuro-chemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis. Recent emerging evidences have highlighted that the intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Due to this, the researchers have suggested that human gut microflora may even act as the "second brain" and may be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota can induce increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation. This may lead to the development of AD pathologies and cognitive impairment via the neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways. Thus, the modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet, oral bacteriotherapy may lead to alteration of gut microbiota their products including amyloid protein. It has been demonstrated that modulation of the gut microbiota induces beneficial effects on neuronal pathways consequently leading to delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, this approach may provide a novel therapeutic option for treatment of AD.

Correlation of edge truncation with antibacterial activity of plate-like anisotropic silver nanoparticles.

The effect of silver nanoparticle anisotropy on the antibacterial properties has been studied against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Anisotropic silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by solvothermal process. The UV-visible absorption, X-ray diffraction, and TEM studies show the anisotropic nature of silver nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that the anisotropic silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction with the bacteria, and the nanoparticles with higher anisotropy exhibit the superior antibacterial activity. Silver nanoparticles with sharp edges and corners displayed the stronger biocidal action, in comparison to the anisotropic nanoparticles with round edges and corners. The sharpness of the corners has been quantified using degree of truncation method. The variation in degree of truncation and the antibacterial activity follows the same pattern.