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1.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 69(2): 256-61, 2015 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24801370

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Anorexia or lack of appetite is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may be caused or augmented by several symptoms affecting appetite and eating. We aimed to investigate and quantify the extent of nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) in patients with COPD and to explore relationships between NIS and fat-free mass depletion. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The results in this cross-sectional study are based on 169 COPD patients (62% female subjects). Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy and the patients reported NIS by two newly developed questionnaires: the Eating Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ) and the Disease-Related Appetite Questionnaire (DRAQ). RESULTS: Symptoms with the highest prevalence were dry mouth (71%), stomach ache (39%), pain or aches affecting appetite (36%) and constipation (35%). Problems with diarrhoea and feeling affected by smells were more severe among women compared with men (P<0.05). Thirty-six percent of the patients were depleted (fat-free mass index (FFMI) <15 kg/m2 for women and FFMI<16 kg/m2 for men). Depleted patients had more NIS (P<0.05) and also rated appetite and taste of food as worse compared with non-depleted patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NIS are common in patients with COPD, and depleted patients have more severe symptoms. To investigate how these symptoms are best prevented and/or managed and whether NIS prevention/treatment can affect development of malnutrition in patients with COPD is a challenge for the future.


Subject(s)
Appetite , Body Composition , Body Fluid Compartments/metabolism , Eating , Feeding and Eating Disorders/etiology , Nutritional Status , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Aged , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Electric Impedance , Female , Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology , Humans , Male , Malnutrition/etiology , Middle Aged , Pain/etiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Sex Factors , Smell , Surveys and Questionnaires , Taste
2.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 65(12): 1309-13, 2011 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21697822

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Almost 50% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients become underweight. One possible reason for nutritional treatment to fail could be miscalculation of patients' energy requirements. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate simple measures that may be used to assess the energy requirement of COPD patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional evaluation study includes 68 COPD patients (42 women). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed by indirect calorimetry, while total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed by a 7-day monitoring using the ActiReg. Simple measures to evaluate was body weight (kg) multiplied by 125 kJ (30 kcal), predicted RMR multiplied by 1.7 and two simple questionnaires. RESULTS: Mean physical activity level (PAL) from the ActiReg was 1.46. Calculation of energy expenditure multiplying body weight with 125 kJ resulted in a TEE of 8614 kJ compared with ActiReg 8317 kJ (P=0.10). To multiply predicted RMR by 1.7 resulted in a statistically significant overestimation of 1335 kJ (P<0.01). Both questionnaires showed a clear 'dose-response' regarding PAL from ActiReg in the different activity categories. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that simple measures of energy expenditure could, on group level, assess COPD patient's energy needs. However, for individual assessment of energy need, more thorough procedures are necessary.


Subject(s)
Basal Metabolism , Energy Metabolism , Motor Activity , Nutritional Requirements , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Thinness/metabolism , Actigraphy , Aged , Body Weight , Calorimetry, Indirect , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mathematics , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Thinness/etiology , Treatment Failure
3.
Eur J Clin Nutr ; 60(7): 870-6, 2006 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16452911

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how total daily energy expenditure (TEE) changes when underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) enters a physiotherapy programme. DESIGN: Prospective intervention study. SETTING: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Fifteen patients with severe COPD and BMI<21 kg/m(2) were recruited consecutively at the outpatient COPD unit at the Department of Respiratory Medicine. Fourteen patients completed the whole study. INTERVENTION: TEE was assessed by the doubly labelled water method in a 2-week control period and during 2 weeks of physiotherapy. Energy intake was assessed using 7-day dietary record during control and physiotherapy period. RESULTS: Mean TEE during physiotherapy period was 500 kJ (6%) lower than during control period but the difference was not statistically significant. Ten of the 14 patients had lower and four had higher TEE. Mean energy intake during the physiotherapy period did not change from the control period (7700 vs 7600 kJ/day). CONCLUSIONS: Since underweight patients with COPD may show variable TEE during physiotherapy compared to a control period, an assessment of individual energy requirements is recommended.


Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Nutrition Disorders/metabolism , Nutritional Requirements , Physical Therapy Modalities , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Basal Metabolism/physiology , Energy Intake , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy , Respiratory Function Tests , Thinness/metabolism
4.
J Hum Nutr Diet ; 18(6): 445-52, 2005 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16351703

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Low body weight and low fat-free mass-index (FFMI) are common in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several factors seem to contribute. The aims of the present observational study were to investigate dietary problems in patients with severe COPD and to compare dietary problems to nutritional status, energy intake and smoking habits. METHODS: Nutritional status was assessed in 73 stable outpatients using body mass index and FFMI by single-frequency bioelectrical impedance. Lung function, smoking habits, energy intake and dietary problems were also assessed. RESULTS: The most frequently reported dietary problems were 'anorexia', 'dyspeptic symptoms other than diarrhoea', 'slimming', 'fear of gaining weight', 'dyspnoea', 'diarrhoea', 'depression, anxiety, solitude'. Smoking habits and gender had impact on the kind of dietary problems reported. Reporting two dietary problems correlated to low FFMI, whereas reporting one or more dietary problems correlated to decreased energy intake. CONCLUSION: Dietary problems are common in the group studied and related to smoking habits and gender. Dietary problems affect energy intake and FFMI negatively. It is important to recognize dietary problems and to offer intervention of the dietary problems as a part of the dietary intervention.


Subject(s)
Energy Intake/physiology , Nutritional Status , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Satiation/physiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Body Composition , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Respiratory Function Tests , Weight Loss
5.
Clin Nutr ; 22(2): 159-65, 2003 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12706133

ABSTRACT

AIM: The aim of the study was to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDE), as measured by doubly labelled water (DLW), and describe its components in home-living underweight patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured prior to the study. Ten patients received DLW, followed by urine analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry from 10 standardised occasions during 15 days. Dietary intake was registered by each patient the first 7 days of the study. The patients were also interviewed about their physical activity pattern. RESULTS: Measured BMR was higher than predicted in five of the 10 patients using equations from WHO. Using disease-specific equations, estimated BMR was higher for male, but not for female COPD patients. The best estimation of BMR resulted from prediction including fat-free mass. TDE varied considerably between 5200 and 11,100 kJ. Physical activity level (PAL) ranged from 1.15 to 1.80. Energy intake varied between 4500 and 9100 kJ. In underweight patients with severe COPD, TDE is highly variable, ranging from 110 to 200 kJ/kg body weight. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study assessing and describing total energy expenditure in underweight patients with severe COPD living at home. Energy requirement in the patient group cannot solely be calculated from prediction equations. BMR should be measured and physical activity level assessed.


Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism , Exercise/physiology , Nutrition Disorders/metabolism , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism , Aged , Basal Metabolism/physiology , Body Composition , Body Mass Index , Body Water/metabolism , Energy Intake , Female , Humans , Male , Mass Spectrometry , Middle Aged , Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Nutritional Requirements , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications
6.
Respir Med ; 96(5): 330-6, 2002 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12113383

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: Dietary intervention studies in COPD patients often are short-term inpatient studies where a certain amount of extra energy is guaranteed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an 1 year individual multifaceted dietary intervention during multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Eighty-seven patients with severe COPD, not demanding oxygen therapy were included, 24 of them served as controls. A dietary history interview was performed at baseline and at study end. Dietary advice given were based on results from the dietary history and socio-economic status. The intervention group was divided into three parts; NW: normal weight (dietary advice given aiming to weight maintenance), OW: overweight (weight-reducing advice) and UW: underweight (dietary advise based on an energy- and protein-rich diet). RESULTS: UW-group: Eighty-one per cent of the patients gained weight or kept a stable weight. OW-group: Fifty-seven per cent lost more than 2 kg NW-group: Seventy-six per cent kept a stable weight or gained weight. Increased dietary intake from baseline was seen for energy protein, carbohydrates and certain micronutrients (P < 0.05) in the UW group. Six minutes walking distance increased by approximately 20 m in both NW (P < 0.05) and UW patients. To conclude, slight, but uniform, indications of positive effects of dietary intervention during multidisciplinary rehabilitation was seen. Dietary intervention in underweight COPD patients might be a prerequisite for physical training.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diet therapy , Aged , Body Composition , Body Weight , Combined Modality Therapy , Energy Intake , Humans , Micronutrients/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , Nutrition Assessment , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation
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