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1.
One Health ; 18: 100678, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38304438

ABSTRACT

This short communication is an effort to describe and elucidate the trajectory of the modern historical concept of "One Health." It is dedicated to the many integrated approaches of health closely related to One Health, while also recognizing the contribution and origination of One Health perspectives/notions from those that have led the way and spearheaded this movement while considering Indigenous cultures across the world. The effects of synergies of those involved in building these integrative approaches are potentially bigger and better lasting than the sum of the individual players. It is only through collaboration, cooperation and diplomacy that we can achieve impactful transformation to benefit health. In this commentary, we aim to appropriately and accurately describe how the current use of "One Health" came to be and who were the main players.

2.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 29(12): 2524-2527, 2023 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37796297

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a common human pathogen found exclusively in primates. In a molecular and serologic study of 64 alpacas in Bolivia, we detected RNA of distinct HAV in ≈9% of animals and HAV antibodies in ≈64%. Complete-genome analysis suggests a long association of HAV with alpacas.


Subject(s)
Camelids, New World , Hepatitis A virus , Animals , Humans , Hepatitis A virus/genetics , Bolivia/epidemiology , Genotype , RNA
4.
Ecohealth ; 15(2): 462-466, 2018 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29488115

ABSTRACT

Despite being important conservation tools, tourism and research may cause transmission of pathogens to wild great apes. Investigating respiratory disease outbreaks in wild bonobos, we identified human respiratory syncytial virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae as causative agents. A One Health approach to disease control should become part of great ape programs.


Subject(s)
Ape Diseases/epidemiology , Pan paniscus , Pneumococcal Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Animals , Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification
5.
Am J Primatol ; 80(1)2018 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28095600

ABSTRACT

Due to their genetic relatedness, great apes are highly susceptible to common human respiratory pathogens. Although most respiratory pathogens, such as human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rarely cause severe disease in healthy human adults, they are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in wild great apes habituated to humans for research or tourism. To prevent pathogen transmission, most great ape projects have established a set of hygiene measures ranging from keeping a specific distance, to the use of surgical masks and establishment of quarantines. This study investigates the incidence of respiratory symptoms and human respiratory viruses in humans at a human-great ape interface, the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) in Côte d'Ivoire, and consequently, the effectiveness of a 5-day quarantine designed to reduce the risk of potential exposure to human respiratory pathogens. To assess the impact of quarantine as a preventative measure, we monitored the quarantine process and tested 262 throat swabs for respiratory viruses, collected during quarantine over a period of 1 year. Although only 1 subject tested positive for a respiratory virus (HRSV), 17 subjects developed symptoms of infection while in quarantine and were subsequently kept from approaching the chimpanzees, preventing potential exposure in 18 cases. Our results suggest that quarantine-in combination with monitoring for symptoms-is effective in reducing the risk of potential pathogen exposure. This research contributes to our understanding of how endangered great apes can be protected from human-borne infectious disease.


Subject(s)
Ape Diseases/prevention & control , Pan troglodytes , Quarantine/methods , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Animals , Ape Diseases/transmission , Ape Diseases/virology , Cote d'Ivoire/epidemiology , Humans , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification
6.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 14581, 2017 11 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29109465

ABSTRACT

Habituation of wild great apes for tourism and research has had a significant positive effect on the conservation of these species. However, risks associated with such activities have been identified, specifically the transmission of human respiratory viruses to wild great apes, causing high morbidity and, occasionally, mortality. Here, we investigate the source of bacterial-viral co-infections in wild and captive chimpanzee communities in the course of several respiratory disease outbreaks. Molecular analyses showed that human respiratory syncytial viruses (HRSV) and human metapneumoviruses (HMPV) were involved in the etiology of the disease. In addition our analysis provide evidence for coinfection with Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae. Characterisation of isolates from wild chimpanzees point towards a human origin of these bacteria. Transmission of these bacteria is of concern because - in contrast to HRSV and HMPV - S. pneumoniae can become part of the nasopharyngeal flora, contributing to the severity of respiratory disease progression. Furthermore these bacteria have the potential to spread to other individuals in the community and ultimately into the population. Targeted vaccination programs could be used to vaccinate habituated great apes but also human populations around great ape habitats, bringing health benefits to both humans and wild great apes.


Subject(s)
Ape Diseases/microbiology , Pan troglodytes/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/veterinary , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Animals , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Animals, Zoo/microbiology , Ape Diseases/pathology , Ape Diseases/transmission , Cameroon , Cote d'Ivoire , Female , Lung/microbiology , Lung/pathology , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/pathology , Pneumococcal Infections/transmission , Streptococcus pneumoniae/pathogenicity
7.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis ; 10(9): e0004923, 2016 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27607836

ABSTRACT

Through full genome analyses of four atypical Bacillus cereus isolates, designated B. cereus biovar anthracis, we describe a distinct clade within the B. cereus group that presents with anthrax-like disease, carrying virulence plasmids similar to those of classic Bacillus anthracis. We have isolated members of this clade from different mammals (wild chimpanzees, gorillas, an elephant and goats) in West and Central Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo). The isolates shared several phenotypic features of both B. anthracis and B. cereus, but differed amongst each other in motility and their resistance or sensitivity to penicillin. They all possessed the same mutation in the regulator gene plcR, different from the one found in B. anthracis, and in addition, carry genes which enable them to produce a second capsule composed of hyaluronic acid. Our findings show the existence of a discrete clade of the B. cereus group capable of causing anthrax-like disease, found in areas of high biodiversity, which are possibly also the origin of the worldwide distributed B. anthracis. Establishing the impact of these pathogenic bacteria on threatened wildlife species will require systematic investigation. Furthermore, the consumption of wildlife found dead by the local population and presence in a domestic animal reveal potential sources of exposure to humans.


Subject(s)
Anthrax/veterinary , Bacillus anthracis/genetics , Bacillus anthracis/pathogenicity , Bacillus cereus/genetics , Bacillus cereus/pathogenicity , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Mammals/microbiology , Trans-Activators/genetics , Africa , Animals , Anthrax/epidemiology , Anthrax/microbiology , Bacillus anthracis/isolation & purification , Bacillus cereus/isolation & purification , DNA, Bacterial/blood , Humans , Mutation , Phylogeny , Virulence/genetics
8.
Ecohealth ; 13(3): 499-510, 2016 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27436109

ABSTRACT

Pneumoviruses have been identified as causative agents in several respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated wild great apes. Based on phylogenetic evidence, transmission from humans is likely. However, the pathogens have never been detected in the local human population prior to or at the same time as an outbreak. Here, we report the first simultaneous detection of a human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and in the local human population at a field program in the Central African Republic. A total of 15 gorilla and 15 human fecal samples and 80 human throat swabs were tested for HRSV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory viruses. We were able to obtain identical sequences for HRSV A from four gorillas and four humans. In contrast, we did not detect HRSV or any other classic human respiratory virus in gorilla fecal samples in two other outbreaks in the same field program. Enterovirus sequences were detected but the implication of these viruses in the etiology of these outbreaks remains speculative. Our findings of HRSV in wild but human-habituated gorillas underline, once again, the risk of interspecies transmission from humans to endangered great apes.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Gorilla gorilla/virology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory Syncytial Viruses , Animals , Humans , Phylogeny , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Diseases
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