ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Therapeutic efficacy and safety in infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria can be improved by the clinical development of new compounds and devising new derivatives of already useful antibiotics. Due to a striking global increase in multidrug-resistant Gram-positive but even more Gram-negative organisms, new antibiotics are urgently needed. METHODS: This paper provides a review of novel antibiotic compounds which are already in clinical development, mainly in phase III clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Each of these new trials increases the possibility of new antibiotics receiving approval.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , HumansABSTRACT
Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P are present in dental pulp in relatively high concentrations. Previous studies have demonstrated that the staining density of immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) changes in dental pulp after tissue injury. This study evaluated injury-related changes in levels of both immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) and immunoreactive substance P (iSP) in dental pulp using radioimmunoassays. After pulpal exposure, iSP levels decreased to about 10% of baseline values, while iCGRP levels decreased to about 45% of baseline measures. After dentin exposure with acid etch, iSP levels decreased to about 10 to 20% of baseline measures, while iCGRP levels decreased to 60% of baseline values. For both forms of injury, iSP decreased to a greater extent than did iCGRP levels. Collectively, these findings indicate that pulpal neuropeptides undergo dynamic, injury-specific, and peptide-specific responses following trauma to dental pulp.
Subject(s)
Acid Etching, Dental/adverse effects , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analysis , Dental Pulp Exposure/immunology , Dental Pulp/injuries , Substance P/analysis , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism , Dental Cavity Preparation/adverse effects , Dental Pulp/immunology , Dental Pulp Exposure/metabolism , Dentin/immunology , Dentin/injuries , Male , Radioimmunoassay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Substance P/metabolism , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The phenotype and pattern of inheritance of craniofrontonasal dysplasia were analyzed in 66 affected persons from 18 families, including one four-generation kindred personally studied. Females were more severely affected than males. Affected females had hypertelorism, broad nasal root, frontal bossing, craniosynostosis, syndactyly of toes and fingers, and vertical grooving of nails. Males had increased bony interorbital distances and distances between the inner canthi of the eyes, broad nasal root, broad halluces, and vertical grooving of nails but no craniosynostosis. Affected men transmitted the condition to all of their daughters but to no sons, while affected women transmitted the disorder to about half their daughters and half their sons. This pattern is compatible with X-linked dominant inheritance, but the far milder manifestation of the syndrome in males cannot be explained by simple mendelian genetics.
