The association between erosive tooth wear and diet, hygiene habits and health awareness in adolescents aged 15 in Poland.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of erosive tooth wear (ETW) and risk indicators in the population of adolescents aged 15 in Poland. METHODS: Erosive tooth wear in 2639 participants was determined by calibrated examiners according to the BEWE scoring system, and the prevalence of risk factors was assessed on the basis of a survey. RESULTS: Erosive tooth wear was reported in 24.3% of participants. Initial loss of surface (BEWE 1) was the predominant finding, observed in 21.3% of participants. Hard tissue loss (BEWE 2 and 3) occurred very rarely, only in 3% of participants. Acidic diet, masculine gender and lower socio-economic status were associated with higher prevalence and severity of erosive lesions in the examined population. CONCLUSION: Two modifiable factors-acidic diet and low health awareness-were found to be highly unsatisfactory in the adolescents aged 15 in Poland. Accordingly, to prevent the deterioration of the functionality and aesthetics of the teeth in young people, certain measures, such as routine clinical examination, education, dietary consulting and prophylaxis, should be implemented as early as possible, focusing predominantly on families with lower socio-economic status.

The influence of test experience and NK1 receptor antagonists on the performance of NK1R-/- and wild type mice in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task.

Genetically-altered mice, lacking functional NK1 receptors (NK1R-/-), express abnormal behaviours that are prominent in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: namely, inattentiveness and impulsivity (indicated by their greater % omissions and premature responses in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Task (5-CSRTT) and locomotor hyperactivity. We investigated how behaviour in the 5-CSRTT is affected by repeated testing and whether the abnormalities expressed by NK1R-/- mice are mimicked by treating wild type mice with a NK1R antagonist (L 733060 or RP 67580; 5 or 10 mg/kg). Repeated testing with a variable (VITI) or fixed, prolonged (LITI) intertrial interval reduced % omissions. Premature responses also declined, but only in NK1R-/- mice, in the VITI test. By contrast, perseveration increased in both genotypes. RP 67580 (10 mg/kg) increased the % omissions in both genotypes in the VITI, an action which cannot be attributed to NK1R antagonism. Neither drug affected perseveration. However, for premature responses, the response profile suggested that the low and high doses of RP 67580 (VITI) and L 733060 (LITI) had opposing effects on this behaviour. We infer that the effect of NK1R antagonists in the 5-CSRTT is confounded by animals' test experience and non-specific drug effects at sites other than NK1R, possibly L-type Ca²âº(v) channels.

Germline MSH2 and MLH1 mutational spectrum including large rearrangements in HNPCC families from Poland (update study).

Germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1 account for a significant proportion of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families. One approach by which development of an efficient DNA-testing procedure can be implemented is to describe the nature and frequency of common mutations in particular ethnic groups. Two hundred and twenty-six patients from families matching the Amsterdam II diagnostic criteria or suspected HNPCC criteria were screened for MSH2 and MLH1 germline mutations. Fifty different pathogenic mutations were found, 25 in MSH2 and 25 in MLH1. Twenty-four of these had not previously been described in other populations. Among our 78 families with MSH2 or MLH1 mutations, 54 (69.2%) were affected by recurrent mutations including 38 found at least twice in our own series. Two of the most frequent alterations were a substitution of A to T at the splice donor site of intron 5 of MSH2 and a missense change (A681T) of MLH1 found in 10 and eight families, respectively. Among large deletions detected by the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay, exon 9 deletions in the MSH2 gene were found in two families. Our results indicate that a screening protocol specific for the Polish population that is limited to the detection of all reported mutations will result in the identification of the majority of changes present in MLH1 and MSH2 genes in Polish HNPCC kindreds.

CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene.

A single founder allele of the CHEK2 gene has been associated with predisposition to breast and prostate cancer in North America and Europe. The CHEK2 protein participates in the DNA damage response in many cell types and is therefore a good candidate for a multisite cancer susceptibility gene. Three founder alleles are present in Poland. Two of these result in a truncated CHEK2 protein, and the other is a missense substitution of an isoleucine for a threonine. We ascertained the prevalence of each of these alleles in 4,008 cancer cases and 4,000 controls, all from Poland. The majority of the common cancer sites were represented. Positive associations with protein-truncating alleles were seen for cancers of the thyroid (odds ratio [OR] 4.9; P=.0006), breast (OR 2.2; P=.02), and prostate (OR 2.2; P=.04). The missense variant I157T was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (OR 1.4; P=.02), colon cancer (OR 2.0; P=.001), kidney cancer (OR 2.1; P=.0006), prostate cancer (OR 1.7; P=.002), and thyroid cancer (OR 1.9; P=.04). The range of cancers associated with mutations of the CHEK2 gene may be much greater than previously thought.

Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients.

The protease bromelain from pineapple was suggested for adjuvant therapy of malignant diseases. We studied immunological effects of an orally applied bromelain drug on 16 breast cancer patients in comparison with healthy donors. Bromelain was applied for 10 days with a daily dose of 3000 F.I.P. units and the immunocytotoxicity of blood monocytes and lymphocytes against the leukemic K562 and MDA-MB-231 mammary carcinoma target cells was determined in vitro. In addition, the expression of the cell surface markers CD44, CD16, CD11a and CD62L on lymphocytes and the secretion of IL-2 and IL-1beta from monocytes was measured. Patients leukocytes expressed lower bMAK-, MAK-, NK- and LAK-cell activities, compared with those from healthy donors. Orally applied bromelain increased the reduced bMAK- and MAK-cell activity of patients monocytes about 2-fold. When the patients were classified on the basis of bromelain effects on the monocytic cytotoxicity into bromelain responders and nonresponders, about 40% of the patients responded to bromelain with an increase of cytotoxicity from 7.8% to 54% (bMAK-cell activity) and from 16% to 47% (MAK-cell activity). Bromelain was less effective on the higher cytotoxicity of monocytes from healthy donors, but stimulated the secretion of IL-1beta from monocytes. In contrast, patient monocytes secreted no detectable IL-1beta, before, during and after bromelain treatment. Bromelain had no effects on the impaired patients NK- and LAK-cell activity, but reduced the LAK-cell activity of healthy donors. No IL-2 was found in the supernatants of untreated and treated lymphocytes from healthy donors. Bromelain reduced the expression of CD44, but weakly increased CD11a and CD62L expression on patient lymphocytes, whereas CD16 remained unchanged. In vitro bromelain application to lymphocytes had similar effects, with greater reduction rates of CD44 and CD16 expression. As to coagulation parameters in plasma of healthy donors, the activated partial thromboplastin time was increased from 38 to 46 sec, leaving prothrombin time and plasminogen unchanged. These data suggest, that orally applied bromelain stimulates the deficient monocytic cytotoxicity of mammary tumor patients, which may partially explain its proposed antitumor activity.

Bromelain proteases reduce human platelet aggregation in vitro, adhesion to bovine endothelial cells and thrombus formation in rat vessels in vivo.

The thiol protease, bromelain, an extract from pineapple stem, was suggested to have antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities in vivo. We studied the effects of bromelain on cell size distribution of isolated human platelets in vitro by Coulter Counter measurements. Preincubation of platelets with bromelain (10 micrograms/mL) completely prevented the thrombin (0.2 U/mL) induced platelet aggregation. Papain was less active in preventing platelet aggregation. In vitro, bromelain (0.1 microgram/mL) reduced the adhesion of bound, thrombin stimulated, fluorescent labeled platelets to bovine aorta endothelial cells. In addition, preincubation of platelets with bromelain, prior to thrombin, activation, reduced the platelet adhesion to the endothelial cells to the low binding value of unstimulated platelets. On the basis of mass concentrations, the proteases papain and trypsin were as effective as bromelain. Using a laser thrombosis model, the in vivo effects of orally and intraveneously applied bromelain on thrombus formation in rat mesenteric vessels were studied. Bromelain, orally applied at 60 mg/kg body weight, inhibited the thrombus formation in a time dependent manner, the maximum being after 2 hours in 11% of arterioles and 6% of venoles. Intravenous application at 30 mg/kg was slightly more active in reducing thrombus formation in arterioles (13%) and venoles (5%), suggesting that orally applied bromelain is biologically active. These results may help to explain some of the clinical effects observed after bromelain treatment in patients with thrombosis and related diseases.

Bromelain proteases suppress growth, invasion and lung metastasis of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells.

The thiolprotease bromelain, isolated from pine apple stem, was suggested for use in adjuvant tumor therapy. This study examined the in vitro effects of crude bromelain, bromelain F9 and papain on B16F10 mouse melanoma cell lung colonization, in vitro cell proliferation, invasion through matrigel and CD44 expression. In vitro treatment of the melanoma cells with bromelain F9 and papain before i.v. injection into mice prevented lung colonization. The lung weight at day 20 was significantly reduced from 5.1% (untreated cells) to 1.6% (bromelain F9 treated cells). Papain was as effective as bromelain F9. However, there was no difference in the lung weight between bromelain F9 treated and the untreated group at day 27. Protease removal and further incubation of the B16F10 cells retained their capacity to induce lung tumor metastases. The proteases inhibited growth of the melanoma cells in a dose dependent manner. Crude bromelain was most active with a half maximal value of 7.5 mu g/ml. However, the antiproliferative effects did not correlate with the proteolytic activity. In a matrigel invasion assay, the proteases reduced the invasive capacity of the melanoma cells maximally by about 30%. Using flow cytometry, the proteases were found to reduce the CD44 density, present on the melanoma cells, to a different degree: crude bromelain was more active than bromelain F9 and papain, which had higher proteolytic activity. Crude bromelain was most active in abolishing the CD44 re-expression after protease treatment.

Central action of narcotic analgesics. Part IV. Noradrenergic influences on the activity of analgesics in rats.

The effect of clonidine, naphazoline and xylometazoline on analgesia induced by morphine, codeine, fentanyl and pentazocine, and on cataleptic effect of morphine, codine and fentanyl was studied in rats. The biochemical assays on the influence of four analgesics on the brain concentration and turnover of noradrenaline (NA) were also performed. It was found that three drugs stimulating central NA receptors failed to affect the analgesic ED50 of all antinociceptive agents and they enhanced catalepsy induced by morphine and fentanyl. Codeine catalepsy was increased by clonidine and decreased by naphazoline and xylometazoline. The brain concentration of NA was not changed by morphine and fentanyl, but one of the doses of codeine (45 mg/kg) slightly enhanced it. Pentazocine dose-dependently decreased the brain level of NA. The rate of NA turnover was not altered by analgesics except for the higher dose of fentanyl (0.2 mg/kg) following which the disappearance of NA from the brain was diminished. The results are discussed in the light of various and non-uniform data from the literature. It is suggested that in rats the brain NA plays a less important function than the other monoamines in the behavioural activity of potent analgesics.