Community-acquired bacteraemia by Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-3 and resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and microbiological features of a case of community-acquired infection by KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPCKP) resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam (CAZ-AVI). METHODS: Identification of microorganisms was performed with MALDI Biotyper CA System (BrukerDaltonics, Madrid, Spain). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Sensitre EURGNCOL panels (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Madrid, Spain) and gradient strips (Etest, bioMérieux, Madrid, Spain) in the case of CAZ-AVI, using EUCAST breakpoints for interpretation. Whole genome sequencing of blood culture and rectal swab isolates was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing system, with 2 × 150-bp paired-end reads (Illumina, Inc.). RESULTS: Blood culture and rectal swab KPCKP isolates were resistant to carbapenems and to CAZ-AVI. The blood culture isolate showed susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), but the rectal swab culture isolate was resistant to this antibiotic. Both isolates belonged to clonal lineage ST512, harboured a single copy of blaKPC-3 gene, and showed 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) between them and 38 SNPs with regard to the first KPC-3 producing K. pneumoniae isolated in our hospital in an initial outbreak in 2012. Genome-wide resistome analysis revealed the presence of a IncFIB(K) plasmid harbouring sul1 and dfrA12 genes only in the rectal swab culture isolate, which may explain its resistance to TMP-SMX. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam is an emerging nosocomial problem. This case shows that CAZ-AVI-resistant KPCKP strains may disseminate into the community and cause serious infections.

In vivo selection of KPC-94 and KPC-95 in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients treated with ceftazidime/avibactam.

Ceftazidime/avibactam (CZA) is used to treat infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp). Resistance to CZA is commonly related to point mutations in the blaKPC gene. Here we describe the in vivo emergence of CZA resistance in clinical isolates of KPC-Kp from four patients treated with this combination therapy. Four pre-therapy and five post-therapy KPC-Kp isolates were examined. Antibiogram (microdilution and gradient strips) and whole-genome sequencing were performed. The role of KPC mutations was validated by cloning blaKPC genes into competent Escherichia coli. All KPC-Kp isolates recovered before treatment with CZA were susceptible to CZA and produced KPC-3. Five KPC-Kp isolates recovered after treatment were resistant to this combination. Three post-therapy isolates from two patients produced KPC-31 (D179Y mutation). Additionally, we identified the novel substitution LN169-170H (KPC-94) in one isolate, and the combination of two independently described mutations, D179Y and A172T (KPC-95), in another isolate. All KPC-Kp isolates belonged to sequence type 512 (ST512). All CZA-resistant isolates with blaKPC variants had restoration of carbapenem susceptibility. In conclusion, resistance to CZA was related to blaKPC mutations, including the new KPC-94 and KPC-95 alleles, which do not cause carbapenem resistance.

The combined use of tigecycline with high-dose colistin might not be associated with higher survival in critically ill patients with bacteraemia due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of survival and treatment with colistin and tigecycline in critically ill patients with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia. METHODS: An observational cohort study was carried out. Targeted therapy consisted of monotherapy with colistin (9 million UI/day) or combined therapy with colistin and tigecycline (100 g/day). The primary outcome was 30-day crude mortality. The association between combined targeted therapy and mortality was controlled for empirical therapy with colistin, propensity score of combined therapy and other potential confounding variables in a multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 118 cases were analysed. Seventy-six patients (64%) received monotherapy and 42 patients (36%) received combined therapy. The source of bacteraemia was primary in 18% (21/118) of the patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia in 64% (76/118) and other sources in 14% (16/118). The 30-day crude mortality rate was 62% (42/76) for monotherapy and 57% (24/42) for combined therapy. The variables associated with 30-day crude mortality were: Charlson index (hazard ratio (HR) 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.32; p 0.028), empirical therapy with colistin (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.33-3.80; p 0.003) and renal dysfunction before treatment (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.01-3.61; p 0.045). Combined targeted therapy was not associated with lower adjusted 30-day crude mortality (adjusted HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.64-2.58; p 0.494). CONCLUSIONS: Combined targeted therapy with high-dose colistin and standard dose tigecycline was not associated with lower crude mortality of bacteraemia due to carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii in critically ill patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02573064.

Pre-transplant thymic function is associated with the risk of cytomegalovirus disease after solid organ transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is an important complication in solid organ transplant recipients. Thymic function in adults is associated with specific T-cell immunity. Pre-transplant thymic function was analysed in 75 solid organ transplant patients by the use of nested PCR. The primary outcome was the incidence of CMV disease 12 months after transplantation. Using multivariable logistic regression, we studied whether pre-transplant thymic function is an independent risk factor for CMV disease after transplantation. Thymic function was related to the risk of CMV disease in CMV-seropositive recipients. In these recipients, pre-transplant thymic function of <9.5 (OR 11.27, 95% CI 1.11-114.43, p 0.040) and the use of thymoglobulin (OR 8.21, 95% CI 1.09-61.84, p 0.041) were independent risk factors for CMV disease at 12 months after transplantation. Patients with pre-transplant thymic function values of <9.5 had a higher subsequent incidence of CMV disease (24%) than patients with values of ≥ 9.5 (3%) (log-rank test: 5.727; p 0.017). The positive and negative predictive values of these pre-transplant thymic function cut-offs were 0.24 (95% CI 0.10-0.45) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.82-1.00), respectively. Pre-transplant thymic function in CMV-seropositive candidates could be useful in determining the risk of post-transplant CMV disease in solid organ transplant patients, selecting a group of low-risk candidates.

Changes in epidemiology, clinical features and severity of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pneumonia in the first post-pandemic influenza season.

Although the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus is expected to circulate as a seasonal virus for some years after the pandemic period, its behaviour cannot be predicted. We analysed a prospective cohort study of hospitalized adults with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pneumonia at 14 teaching hospitals in Spain to compare the epidemiology, clinical features and outcomes of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pneumonia between the pandemic period and the first post-pandemic influenza season. A total of 348 patients were included: 234 during the pandemic period and 114 during the first post-pandemic influenza season. Patients during the post-pandemic period were older and more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and cancer than the others. Septic shock, altered mental status and respiratory failure on arrival at hospital were significantly more common during the post-pandemic period. Time from illness onset to receipt of antiviral therapy was also longer during this period. Early antiviral therapy was less frequently administered to patients during the post-pandemic period (22.9% versus 10.9%; p 0.009). In addition, length of stay was longer, and need for mechanical ventilation and intensive-care unit admission were significantly higher during the post-pandemic period. In-hospital mortality (5.1% versus 21.2%; p <0.001) was also greater during this period. In conclusion, significant epidemiological changes and an increased severity of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pneumonia were found in the first post-pandemic influenza season. Physicians should consider influenza A (H1N1) 2009 when selecting microbiological testing and treatment in patients with pneumonia in the upcoming influenza season.

[HIV seroprevalence in the population treated in a hospital emergency department: analysis by pooled batches of serum]. / Seroprevalencia del VIH en población atendida en un Servicio de Urgencias: análisis por lotes de sueros.

INTRODUCTION: The current number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected people is not known in Spain as there is no national registry. This study has aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection in the population treated in a hospital emergency department (ER) as an epidemic and risk of exposure indicator during healthcare activity and to assess the differences observed regarding previous estimates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of all the sera received in the ER anonymously. The final size of the pools was 5 sera. HIV antibody screening was performed using the 4th generation ELFA technique and confirmation was performed by Western Blot. RESULTS: Seven out of the 270 pools made from 1,347 sera obtained were reactive. The individualized analysis confirmed 6 sera to be positive and 1 serum to be false positive. The observed prevalence was 0.52% (95% CI 0.10-0.94). Prevalence fell 0.87% in comparison to the years 1990-1991, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.08). DISCUSSION: The implementation of HIV antibodies detection through a system of pooled batches in samples collected in the ER make it possible to assess the prevalence of infection with this virus, decreasing costs with regard to individualized analysis of sera in both economic terms as well as samples handling.

Seroprevalencia del VIH en población atendida en un Servicio de Urgencias: análisis por lotes de sueros / HIV seroprevalence in the population treated in a hospital emergency department: analysis by pooled batches of serum

Introducción. En España no se conoce el número real de infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), al no existir un registro nacional. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia de infección por el VIH en la población atendida en un Servicio de Urgencias hospitalario (SUH) como indicador epidemiológico y de riesgo de exposición laboral durante la actividad asistencial, así como evaluar las diferencias observadas respecto a estimaciones previas. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal de todos los sueros recibidos por el SUH de forma anónima. El tamaño final de los lotes confeccionados fue de 5 sueros. La detección de anticuerpos del VIH se realizó mediante la técnica de ELFA de cuarta generación y la confirmación mediante western blot. Resultados. De los 270 lotes confeccionados con los 1.347 sueros obtenidos, 7 lotes resultaron reactivos. El análisis individualizado de los sueros confirmó 6 sueros positivos y un suero falso positivo. La prevalencia observada fue del 0,52% (IC 95% 0,10-0,94). La caída en la prevalencia con respecto a los años 1990-1991 fue del 0,87%, aunque no resultó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,08).Discusión. La aplicación del estudio de lotes de sueros en la detección de anticuerpos frente al VIH en muestras recogidas en los SUH permite evaluar la prevalencia de infección por este virus disminuyendo los costes con respecto al análisis individualizado de sueros, tanto en términos económicos como de manipulación de muestras (AU)

Introduction. The current number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected people is not known in Spain as there is no national registry. This study has aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection in the population treated in a hospital emergency department (ER) as an epidemic and risk of exposure indicator during healthcare activity and to assess the differences observed regarding previous estimates. Material and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of all the sera received in the ER anonymously. The final size of the pools was 5 sera. HIV antibody screening was performed using the 4th generation ELFA technique and confirmation was performed by Western Blot. Results. Seven out of the 270 pools made from 1,347 sera obtained were reactive. The individualized analysis confirmed 6 sera to be positive and 1 serum to be false positive. The observed prevalence was 0.52% (95% CI 0.10-0.94). Prevalence fell 0.87% in comparison to the years 1990-1991, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.08).Discussion. The implementation of HIV antibodies detection through a system of pooled batches in samples collected in the ER make it possible to assess the prevalence of infection with this virus, decreasing costs with regard to individualized analysis of sera in both economic terms as well as samples handling (AU)