Pinhole Pupilloplasty for Higher Order Aberrations: Assessment of Visual Quality and Depth of Focus.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual quality and depth of focus under photopic and mesopic light conditions of patients treated with pinhole pupilloplasty (PPP) for corneal higher order aberrations. METHODS: This was a prospective, noncomparative, interventional series and PPP was performed with a single-pass four-throw procedure in 14 eyes of 14 patients. After PPP, patients were analyzed with the Clinical Trial Suite machine (M & S Technologies, Inc) that offers a standardized method of recording visual quality. The luminance levels of 85 and 3 cd/m2 were set for photopic and mesopic lighting conditions, respectively, and uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity were recorded for distance (4 m), intermediate (66 cm), and near (44 cm). Low contrast acuity (LCA) at 10% and mesopic contrast sensitivity function (CSF) with glare on and off at four spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 cycles per degree (cpd) and defocus curve were assessed. RESULTS: Under photopic and mesopic conditions, a significant difference was observed postoperatively in uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity for distance, intermediate, and near. The defocus curve demonstrated extended depth of focus that ranged from +1.50 to -2.50 diopters and LCA at 10% demonstrated significant improvement for all cases. For mesopic CSF, a significant improvement was noted at spatial frequencies of 3 and 6 cpd with glare on. With glare off, an improvement was seen at spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, and 6 cpd, but not at 12 cpd. CONCLUSIONS: Early results demonstrate that PPP provides improved visual quality and extended depth of focus and can be a useful option in cases with higher order aberrations. [J Refract Surg. 2020;36(12):812-819.].

Automedicação em crianças atendidas nos ambulatórios de um Hospital Escola / Automedicación en niños atendidos en los ambulatórios de un Hospital Escuela / Self medication in children served in patient of a School Hospital

Introdução: A automedicação se caracteriza pela seleção e utilização de medicamentos isentos de prescrição médica. Objetivos: Investigar e descrever a conduta dos acompanhantes das crianças atendidas em ambulatórios de um hospital escola, frente à observação de alguns sinais e sintomas comuns na primeira infância. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, prospectivo, realizado através da aplicação de um questionário presencial que foi respondido por 287 acompanhantes das 369 crianças de zero a cinco anos de idade, consultadas nos ambulatórios infantis do Hospital Escola Emílio Carlos, da cidade de Catanduva - SP, nos meses de novembro/2013 e fevereiro-março/2014. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, grau de escolaridade, parentesco com a criança e conduta frente a febre, diarreia, vômito, tosse, dor de garganta e dor de cabeça. Resultados: 287 acompanhantes participaram da pesquisa (77,8% das consultas do período). A média de idade dos acompanhantes foi 29±9,4 anos, sendo 92,3% mulheres e 83,6% mães. A média de idade das crianças foi 2,4±1,7 anos, sendo 56,1% meninas. Referiram haver medicado por conta própria: febre (54,4%), diarreia (4,5%), vômito (9%), tosse (30,3%), dor de garganta (8,4%) e dor de cabeça (26,1%). Referiram insistir na automedicação frente à ineficácia da conduta inicial: febre (0,3%), vômito (9%) e dor de cabeça (0,4%). Conclusão: A automedicação é uma prática frequente na população investigada, sendo geralmente mais comum em casos de febre e realizada principalmente pelas mães; esse fato sugere a necessidade de promover educação em saúde que vise à promoção do uso responsável de medicamentos.

Introduction: Self-medication is characterized by the selection and use of drugs without medical prescription. Aims: to investigate and describe the conduct of the caregivers of children attended in the ambulatories of a teaching hospital, after the observation of some common signs and symptoms in early childhood; to compare the results with the data in the literature. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive, prospective study, performed by applying a face to face questionnaire which was answered by 287 caregivers of 369 children aged from zero to five years, attended in children's ambulatories of teaching Hospital Emilio Carlos, in the city of Catanduva-SP, in the months of November/2013 and February-March / 2014. The variables analyzed were: sex, age, education level, relationship with the child and conducts in case of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, cough, sore throat and headache. The results were expressed as the number, percentage and mean ± standard deviation. The comparison of the variables was taken by Z test for 2 proportions. Results: 287 caregivers participated in the survey (77.8% of the consultations during the period). The average age of caregivers was 29 ± 9.4 years, being 92.3% women and 83.6% mothers. The children mean age was 2.4 ± 1.7 years, being 56.1% girls. The caregivers reported a children medication by themselves in case of fever (54.4%), diarrhea (4.5%), vomiting (9%), cough (30.3%), neck pain (8.4%) and headache (26.1%). They mentioned to insist in self-medication despite the ineffectiveness of the initial conduct in case of fever (0.3%), vomiting (9%) and headache (0.4%). Conclusions: Self-medication is a common practice in the study population, being generally more common in cases of fever and being performed mainly by the mothers; these data suggest the need to improve health education in order to promote the responsible use of drugs.

Introducción: La automedicação se caracteriza por la selección y utilización de medicamentos exentos de prescripción médica. Objetivos: Investigar y describir la conducta de los acompañantes de los niños atendidos en ambulatórios de un hospital escuela, frente a la observación de algunas señales y síntomas comunes en la primera infancia. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo, prospectivo, realizado a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario presencial que fue respondido por 287 acompañantes de los 369 niños de cero a cinco años de edad, consultadas en los ambulatórios infantiles del Hospital Escuela Emílio Carlos, de la ciudad de Catanduva – SP, los meses de noviembre/2013 y febrero-marzo/2014. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo, edad, grado de escolaridad, parentesco con el niño y conducta frente la fiebre, diarreia, vômito, tos, dolor de garganta y dolor de cabeza. Resultados: 287 acompañantes participaron de la investigación (77,8% de las consultas del periodo). La media de edad de los acompañantes fue 29±9,4 años, siendo 92,3% mujeres y 83,6% madres. La media de edad de los niños fue 2,4±1,7 años, siendo 56,1% niñas. Refirieron haber medicado por cuenta propia: fiebre (54,4%), diarreia (4,5%), vômito (9%), tos (30,3%), dolor de garganta (8,4%) y dolor de cabeza (26,1%). Refirieron insistir en la automedicação frente a la ineficácia de la conducta inicial: fiebre (0,3%), vômito (9%) y dolor de cabeza (0,4%). Conclusión: La automedicação es una práctica frecuente en la población investigada, siendo generalmente más común en casos de fiebre...