Green certificates as an instrument to support renewable energy in Poland-strengths and weaknesses.

The problem of air pollution not only in Poland but also around the world has become an important topic of political, economic, scientific, and legal discourse. Its position is the result of international obligations and Poland's membership in the structures of the European Union. In Poland, air quality is very bad, which makes it one of the countries with the worst air quality indicators in the European Union. One of the methods to reduce this high level of air pollution is to intensify the development of renewable energy sources by introducing effective support mechanisms for investors of new user-friendly and environment-friendly energy. The aim of the article was to analyse the support system for the development of energy production from renewable sources using the so-called "green" certificates of origin mechanism, which in Poland already has a 14-year tradition. The article presents the model of the renewable energy production support system in force in Poland. It pointed to its strengths and weaknesses. The development trends of the RES support system were also presented.

Genetic evaluation of reproductive potential in the Zatorska goose under a conservation program.

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and inbreeding effect on the fertility, embryo mortality and hatchability traits in the Zatorska goose covered by the animal genetic resources conservation program. The material for this study contains information about results of hatching of 18 863 eggs from 721 dams and 168 sires, laid between 1998-2015. Genetic parameters were estimated based on the threshold animal model by the use of Restricted Maximum Likelihood and Gibbs sampling. The percentage of fertilized eggs ranged yearly between 37-80%. The percentage of embryo mortality was very low, ranging between 4.63-23.73%. The percentage of the hatched goslings from the total number of analyzed eggs was on average 33.18%, and 53.72% from fertilized eggs. On average based on both methods, the heritability estimates of the fertility, embryo mortality and hatchability reached 0.36, 0.07, 0.24 for males and 0.44, 0.11, 0.32 for females. The genetic trend had increasing tendency for fertility and hatchability and was stable for embryo mortality for both sexes. The obtained result shows that the Zatorska goose can be still maintained in the reserves of the local gene pool according to current rules and use in the local market as a breed with good reproductive potential.

Inbreeding and Offspring Sex Ratio in the Pygmy Hippopotamus (Cheoropsis liberiensis) Population Kept in Zoological Gardens.

The aim of this study was to estimate the inbreeding level and its impact on offspring sex ratio in the pygmy hippopotamus population kept in zoological gardens. Records of pygmy hippopotamus born between 1873-2013 were extracted from the international studbook. Totally, 1357 individuals originating from 148 breeding units were included (individuals with unknown sex were omitted). The offspring sex ratio is defined as the number of sons to the total number of progeny of each dam and sire. Spearman's rank correlation was employed to examine the relationships between the inbreeding level and offspring sex ratio. Inbreeding coefficients and individual increase in inbreeding coefficients (included as a linear co-variable) were examined as well as the geographic region and birth period using general linear models. The average inbreeding coefficient was 5.39%. The following sex proportion was observed for the inbred population: 57% and 43% for females and males, respectively. A significant relationship between inbreeding level of parents and their offspring sex ratio were estimated for European zoological gardens, whereas in others geographic regions the dependencies were insignificant.

Cholecystectomy after breast reconstruction with a pedicled autologous tram flap. Types of surgical access.

The number of breast reconstruction procedures has been increasing in recent years. One of the suggested treatment methods is breast reconstruction with a pedicled skin and muscle TRAM flap (transverse rectus abdominis muscle - TRAM). Surgical incisions performed during a cholecystectomy procedure may be located in the areas significant for flap survival. The aim of this paper is to present anatomical changes in abdominal walls secondary to pedicled skin and muscle (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction, which influence the planned access in cholecystectomy procedures. The authors present 2 cases of cholecystectomy performed due to cholelithiasis in female patients with a history of TRAM flap breast reconstruction procedures. The first patient underwent a traditional method of surgery 14 days after the reconstruction due to acute cholecystitis. The second patient underwent a laparoscopy due to cholelithiasis 7 years after the TRAM procedure. In both cases an abdominal ultrasound scan was performed prior to the operation, and surgical access was determined following consultation with a plastic surgeon. The patient who had undergone traditional cholecystectomy developed an infection of the postoperative wound. The wound was treated with antibiotics, vacuum therapy and skin grafting. After 7 weeks complete postoperative wound healing and correct healing of the TRAM flap were achieved. The patient who had undergone laparoscopy was discharged home on the second postoperative day without any complications. In order to plan a safe surgical access, it is necessary to know the changes in the anatomy of abdominal walls following a pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction procedure.

[Our experience in the treatment advanced neoplasms of floor of the mouth]. / Doswiadczenia wlasne w leczeniu zaawansowanych nowotworów dna jamy ustnej.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate results of our surgical treatment of advanced neoplasms of the floor of the mouth, treated from 2005-2011 in Department of Otolaryngology and Department of Plastic Surgery Medical University of Gdansk MATERIAL: We analyzed group of 12 patients (aged 36 to 70 years, mean 55) treated by primary surgical excision of neoplasms of the floor of the mouth (with tracheotomy and mandibulotomy) and selective or radical neck dissection (uni- or bilateral) in combination with chemoradiotherapy. All patients referees with advancement of locoregional disease: primary tumors (T3 or T4) and neck metastases (N1 or N2b) Most of the patients required to use free microvascular reconstruction with free forearm skin flaps. Histological examinations revealed squamous cell carcinoma (11/12) and adenocarcinoma (1/12). RESULTS: Two patients die in 1 and 4 months after surgery. Three die from 2 to 3 years after surgery. Rest live from 6 month to 6 year after therapy. CONCLUSION: Free forearm skin microvascular flap is good (anatomical and functional) for reconstruction for large defects after resection neoplasms of the floor of the mouth.