Colangiografía intraoperatoria. Análisis observacional: tiempo, complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria / Intraoperative colangiography. Observational analysis: time, complications and hospital stay

Introducción: Desde su introducción en la década de 1930, las colangiografías intraoperatorias se han utilizado para comprender la anatomía biliar y sus variantes, para detectar coledocolitiasis y lesiones quirúrgicas del conducto biliar principal (LQVBP). Métodos: Las colangiografías intraoperatorias aleatorias se analizaron retrospectivamente durante el período de julio de 2019 a enero de 2023 en el hospital Nacional de Clínica. Resultados: El tiempo promedio de las colangiografías intraoperatorias fue de 16 minutos (2´ - 30´). Discusión. La colangiografía intraoperatoria es un procedimiento seguro, con una morbilidad de 0.66% en la serie. Conclusión: Las colangiografías intraoperatorias son un método intraoperatorio seguro y efectivo que no tiene implicaciones negativas para la evolución del paciente

Introduction. Since its introduction in the 1930s, the intraoperative cholangiographies has been used to understand the biliary anatomy and its variants, to detect choledocholithiasis and surgical lesions of the main bile duct (LQVBP). Methods. Random intraoperative cholangiographies were retrospectively analyzed during the period from July 2019 to January 2023 at the Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Results. The average time of the intraoperative cholangiographies was 16 minutes (2´ - 30´). Discussion. Intraoperative cholangiography is a safe procedure, with a morbidity of 0.66% in the series. Conclusión. intraoperative cholangiographies is a safe, effective intraoperative method that does not have negative implications for the evolution of the patient.

Apendectomía Convencional vs. Laparoscópica en pasantes de cirugía general / Conventional Vs Laparoscopic Appendectomy in General Surgery Interns

La apendicitis aguda (AA) es una de las afecciones más frecuentes para la consulta por el servicio de guardia que requiere tratamiento quirúrgico, con una incidencia estimada de entre 6 y 8%. Métodos: Se crearon dos grupos compuestos por 25 pacientes seleccionados al azar: G1. Apendectomía laparoscópica (AL). G2. Apendectomía convencional (CA). Analizamos variables como sexo, edad, tiempo de operación, dolor postoperatorio, estadía en el hospital y complicaciones postoperatorias. Resultados: el 53.2% de los pacientes eran hombres y el 46.8% restante eran mujeres, con una edad media de 31 años. La serie arrojó una tasa de complicación general del 28% para G1 y 68% para G2. Conclusión: lo que marca la evolución no es solo la capacidad del residente interino, sino también la condición del órgano y los propios factores del paciente

Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most frequent conditions for consultation by the on-call service that requires surgical treatment, with an estimated incidence of between 6 and 8%. Methods: Two groups made up of 25 randomly selected patients were created: G1. Laparoscopic appendectomy (AL). G2. Conventional appendectomy (CA). We analyzed variables such as sex, age, operating time, postoperative pain, hospital stay, and postoperative complications. Results: 53.2% of the patients were male and the remaining 46.8% were female, with a mean age of 31 years. The series yielded a general complication rate of 28% for G1 and 68% for G2. Conclusión: What marks the evolution is not only the capacity of the acting resident, but also the condition of the organ and the patient's own factors

Evaluación del dolor crónico postoperatorio en hernioplastia TAPP versus Lichtenstein por Residentes / Evaluation of chronic postoperative pain in hernioplasty Tapp versus Lichtenstein by residents

La incidencia de la hernia inguinal a lo largo de la vida es variable, pero con una mayor prevalencia en los hombres. Hoy en día no existe una técnica superior en términos de reducir el dolor postoperatorio crónico, que es la mayor morbilidad que afecta a los pacientes. Es por eso que realizamos un breve análisis comparativo, donde evaluamos la incidencia de dolor crónico entre el ensayo convencional versus laparoscópico de la patología de la hernia

The incidence of inguinal hernia throughout life is variable, but with a higher prevalence in males. Today there is no superior technique in terms of reducing chronic postoperative pain, which is the greatest morbidity that afflicts patients. That is why we carried out a brief comparative analysis, where we evaluated the incidence of chronic pain between conventional versus laparoscopic rehearsal of hernia pathology

The pancreatitis-associated protein VMP1, a key regulator of inducible autophagy, promotes Kras(G12D)-mediated pancreatic cancer initiation.

Both clinical and experimental evidence have firmly established that chronic pancreatitis, in particular in the context of Kras oncogenic mutations, predisposes to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the repertoire of molecular mediators of pancreatitis involved in Kras-mediated initiation of pancreatic carcinogenesis remains to be fully defined. In this study we demonstrate a novel role for vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1), a pancreatitis-associated protein critical for inducible autophagy, in the regulation of Kras-induced PDAC initiation. Using a newly developed genetically engineered model, we demonstrate that VMP1 increases the ability of Kras to give rise to preneoplastic lesions, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs). This promoting effect of VMP1 on PanIN formation is due, at least in part, by an increase in cell proliferation combined with a decrease in apoptosis. Using chloroquine, an inhibitor of autophagy, we show that this drug antagonizes the effect of VMP1 on PanIN formation. Thus, we conclude that VMP1-mediated autophagy cooperate with Kras to promote PDAC initiation. These findings are of significant medical relevance, molecules targeting autophagy are currently being tested along chemotherapeutic agents to treat PDAC and other tumors in human trials.

Reseccion toracoscopica de una glandula paratiroidea hipersecretante mediastinal / Thoracoscopic resection of mediastinal hypersecretant parathyroid gland

In general experienced hands, the inferior parathyroid glands, localized in the thymus or low extrathymus are the main cause or surgical therapeutic failure. When they could not be approached through cervicotomy, or when they were diagnosed after surgery the sternotomy or the angiographic ablation were chosen as treatment. The limited number of thoracoscopic approach whit good results published so far, moved us to use this method. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patient of 49 years with a 7 year secondary hiperprathyroidism due to CRI. After a sub total parathyroidectomy with bilateral thimectomy, the patient did not present clinical or laboratory improvement. Through a thoracic centellogram sixth MIBI, NMR and CAT, a tumor in the middle mediastinum was fond. The mediastinal structures have been easily identified through a left thoracoscopic approach. At the level of the aortopulmonary window, a tumoral mass is located and, with a simple dissection, et is easily extracted in bag. The biopsy through freezing confirms the parathyroid etiology of the gland. RESULT: Clinical and laboratory evolution has been favorable, with hospital discharged at the 3 day, and being asymptomatic after two years. CONCLUSION: The hipersecretant parathyroid glands, located in middle mediastinum, that can not be approach through cervicotomy, can be successfully approach through thoracoscopic technique.

Por lo general en manos experimentadas las paratiroides inferiores. de localización tímica o extratímica baja, son la principal causa de fracaso terapéutico quirúrgico. Cuando no son accesibles por cervicotomía o bien se diagnosticaron posteriormente. la esternotomía o la ablación angiográfica eran considerados como los tratamientos de elección. El haberse publicado limitadas experiencias de abordaje toracoscópico con buenos resultados nos motivo al empleo de esta VÍa. Material y método: paciente de 49 años con hiperparatiroidismo secundario por IRC de 7 años de evolución. Luego de una paratiroidectomía sub-total con timectomía bilateral. no presenta mejoría clínica ni de laboratorio. Al ser estudiada con centellograma sesta-MIBI. RMN y TAC torácica es localiza un tumor en mediastino meido. Abordaje toracoscópico izquierdo. identificándose con facilidad las estructuras mediastinales. A nivel de la ventana aortopulmonar se localiza una masa tumoral que con simples maniobras de disección es fácilmente extraída en bolsa. La biopsia por congelación confirma la etiología paratiroidea de la misma. Resultado: Evolución clínica y de laboratorio favorable con alta de sala al 3- día. encontrándose a los dos años asintomático. Conclusión: vemos con entusiasmo el abordaje toracoscópico de glándulas paratiroideas hipersecretantes ubicadas en medias tino medio que no hayan podido ser extraídas por cervicotomía.

Reseccion toracoscopica de una glandula paratiroidea hipersecretante mediastinal / Thoracoscopic resection of mediastinal hypersecretant parathyroid gland

In general experienced hands, the inferior parathyroid glands, localized in the thymus or low extrathymus are the main cause or surgical therapeutic failure. When they could not be approached through cervicotomy, or when they were diagnosed after surgery the sternotomy or the angiographic ablation were chosen as treatment. The limited number of thoracoscopic approach whit good results published so far, moved us to use this method. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patient of 49 years with a 7 year secondary hiperprathyroidism due to CRI. After a sub total parathyroidectomy with bilateral thimectomy, the patient did not present clinical or laboratory improvement. Through a thoracic centellogram sixth MIBI, NMR and CAT, a tumor in the middle mediastinum was fond. The mediastinal structures have been easily identified through a left thoracoscopic approach. At the level of the aortopulmonary window, a tumoral mass is located and, with a simple dissection, et is easily extracted in bag. The biopsy through freezing confirms the parathyroid etiology of the gland. RESULT: Clinical and laboratory evolution has been favorable, with hospital discharged at the 3 day, and being asymptomatic after two years. CONCLUSION: The hipersecretant parathyroid glands, located in middle mediastinum, that can not be approach through cervicotomy, can be successfully approach through thoracoscopic technique.(AU)

Por lo general en manos experimentadas las paratiroides inferiores. de localización tímica o extratímica baja, son la principal causa de fracaso terapéutico quirúrgico. Cuando no son accesibles por cervicotomía o bien se diagnosticaron posteriormente. la esternotomía o la ablación angiográfica eran considerados como los tratamientos de elección. El haberse publicado limitadas experiencias de abordaje toracoscópico con buenos resultados nos motivo al empleo de esta VIa. Material y método: paciente de 49 años con hiperparatiroidismo secundario por IRC de 7 años de evolución. Luego de una paratiroidectomía sub-total con timectomía bilateral. no presenta mejoría clínica ni de laboratorio. Al ser estudiada con centellograma sesta-MIBI. RMN y TAC torácica es localiza un tumor en mediastino meido. Abordaje toracoscópico izquierdo. identificándose con facilidad las estructuras mediastinales. A nivel de la ventana aortopulmonar se localiza una masa tumoral que con simples maniobras de disección es fácilmente extraída en bolsa. La biopsia por congelación confirma la etiología paratiroidea de la misma. Resultado: Evolución clínica y de laboratorio favorable con alta de sala al 3- día. encontrándose a los dos años asintomático. Conclusión: vemos con entusiasmo el abordaje toracoscópico de glándulas paratiroideas hipersecretantes ubicadas en medias tino medio que no hayan podido ser extraídas por cervicotomía.(AU)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed under regional anesthesia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been successfully performed using epidural anesthesia. We evaluated our experience with this surgical approach in high-risk patients. METHODS: We present the results of 29 patients with gallstones who, between 1998 and 1999, underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with epidural anesthesia. All but 1 patient had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESULTS: All 29 surgeries were successfully completed via laparoscopy and with the patients under epidural anesthesia. No patient required endotracheal intubation during surgery or pain medication afterward. Postoperatively, 1 patient developed a wound infection and 3 patients developed urinary retention. At last follow-up (12 months postop), all patients were in good health. CONCLUSION: In this series, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was feasible under epidural anesthesia and it eliminated the need for postoperative analgesia. We believe that this approach should be considered for patients who require biliary surgery but who are not good candidates for general anesthesia due to cardiorespiratory problems.

[Jejunostomy for enteral feeding in surgery. Technical contribution and experience]. / Yeyunostomía de alimentación en cirugía. Contribución técnica y experiencia.

UNLABELLED: The necessity to maintain the nutritional integrity in patients subjected to major surgery of the superior digestive tract has been broadly accepted. The enteral nutrition for yeyunostomy is accepted as more physiologic, sure and effective than the parenteral one. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 171 yeyunostomies were indicated in: 151 patients with malignant neoplasm of the superior digestive tract, 15 with infected pancreatic necrosis, 3 bile-duodenum-pancreatic traumatisms and in 1 stenosis for gastroesophagic reflux. Depending on the pathological type, a yeyunostomy using the Witzell technique was carried out with either local or general anesthesia at a 15 to 20 cm. of the Treitz angle. To facilitate the fixation of the catheter and to avoid the stenosis of the jejunum we have incorporated, as an original technical detail, the proximal serous section with cold scalpel in about 4 cm, that is to say in the sector to be tunneled. RESULTS: There was not mortality in relation to the yeyunostomy. Among the minor complications we emphasize the abdominal distension, colic pain and diarrhea, situations that were reverted, controlling the debit and the feeding characteristics. This approach could be maintained for period of 2 months and in some cases at home. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the great importance of the enteral feeding for yeyunostomy, for its of easy handling, security and low cost that, together with the suggested technical detail, has allowed us to obtain a deeding road almost without inherent complications.

Yeyunostomía de alimentación en cirugía. Contribución técnica y experiencia. / [Jejunostomy for enteral feeding in surgery. Technical contribution and experience]

The necessity to maintain the nutritional integrity in patients subjected to major surgery of the superior digestive tract has been broadly accepted. The enteral nutrition for yeyunostomy is accepted as more physiologic, sure and effective than the parenteral one. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 171 yeyunostomies were indicated in: 151 patients with malignant neoplasm of the superior digestive tract, 15 with infected pancreatic necrosis, 3 bile-duodenum-pancreatic traumatisms and in 1 stenosis for gastroesophagic reflux. Depending on the pathological type, a yeyunostomy using the Witzell technique was carried out with either local or general anesthesia at a 15 to 20 cm. of the Treitz angle. To facilitate the fixation of the catheter and to avoid the stenosis of the jejunum we have incorporated, as an original technical detail, the proximal serous section with cold scalpel in about 4 cm, that is to say in the sector to be tunneled. RESULTS: There was not mortality in relation to the yeyunostomy. Among the minor complications we emphasize the abdominal distension, colic pain and diarrhea, situations that were reverted, controlling the debit and the feeding characteristics. This approach could be maintained for period of 2 months and in some cases at home. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the great importance of the enteral feeding for yeyunostomy, for its of easy handling, security and low cost that, together with the suggested technical detail, has allowed us to obtain a deeding road almost without inherent complications.

Complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: results of 169 consecutive procedures.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has become the gold standard for adrenalectomy. Review of the literature indicates that the rate of intra- and postoperative complications is not negligible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the complications observed in a series of 169 consecutive LAs performed at a same center for a variety of endocrine disorders. Between June 1994 and December 1998 a series of 169 LAs were performed in 159 patients: 149 unilateral LAs and 10 bilateral LAs. There were 98 women and 61 men with a mean age of 49. 7 years (range 22-76 years). There were patients with 61 Conn syndrome, 41 with Cushing syndrome, 1 androgen-producing tumor, 29 pheochromocytomas, and 37 nonfunctioning tumors. Mean tumor size was 32 mm (range 7-110 mm). LA was performed by a transperitoneal flank approach in the lateral decubitus position. Mean operating time was 129 minutes (range 48-300 minutes) for unilateral LA and 228 minutes (range 175-275 minutes) for bilateral LA. There was no mortality. Twelve patients had a significant complication (7.5%): three peritoneal hematomas requiring (in two cases) laparotomy and (in one case) transfusion; one parietal hematoma; three intraoperative bleeding episodes without need for transfusion; one partial infarction of the spleen; one pneumothorax; one capsular effraction of the tumor; and two deep venous thromboses. Eight tumors were malignant at final histology (4.7%), of which four were completely removed laparoscopically. Conversion to open surgery was required in eight cases (5%): for malignancy in four cases, difficulty of dissection in three cases, and pneumothorax in one case. With a mean follow-up of 26.58 months (range 6-60 months) all patients are disease-free. We conclude that LA is a safe procedure. With increasing experience the morbidity becomes minor. To avoid complications LA should be converted to open surgery if local invasion is suspected or if there is difficulty with the dissection.

Should laparoscopic approach be proposed for large and/or potentially malignant adrenal tumors?

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is safe and effective for small, benign, functioning tumors. Whether it should be performed for other adrenal tumors is questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the complications and results of 150 consecutive LAs performed either for small benign tumors or for large and/or potentially malignant tumors. METHODS: Between June 1994 and August 1998, we performed 150 LAs in 142 patients. We used a transperitoneal flank approach in the lateral decubitus position. Initially, our indications for LA were limited to small (<4 cm) benign tumors (group I, n=102): 56 aldosteronomas, 33 Cushing's syndrome, 11 pheochromocytomas and 2 nonfunctional tumors. Progressively, based on increasing experience, LA was also proposed for tumors larger than 4 cm or potentially malignant (group II, n=48): 5 Cushing's syndrome, 1 androgen-producing tumor, 14 pheochromocytomas and 28 nonfunctional tumors. Preoperative demonstration of invasive extra-adrenal carcinoma remained an absolute contraindication for LA. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 21.1 mm in group I and 51.6 mm in group II. All tumors in group I were benign. Six of the 48 tumors in group II were malignant (12.5%). The rate of complication was, respectively, 7.8% and 8.3% in groups I and II. The rate of conversion was, respectively, 4.9% and 6.2% in groups I and II. Mean operative time was 131 min in group I and 129 min in group II. The endocrinopathy was cured in all patients. To date, no recurrences have been observed. CONCLUSIONS: LA can be proposed for large (<12 cm) or potentially malignant adrenal tumors provided preoperative investigations have not demonstrated invasive carcinoma. An open procedure should be performed instead if local invasion is observed at the start of the operation.

Minimally invasive videoscopic parathyroidectomy by lateral approach.

METHODS: A videoscopic parathyroidectomy was performed in 22 patients presenting with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). No patient had undergone previous neck surgery, presented with goiter or had a history of familial PHPT. Ultrasonography and Sestamibi scanning were performed preoperatively. Rapid intact parathormone assay was used during surgery. Through a 15-mm transversal skin incision on the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), the fascia connecting the lateral portion of the strap muscles and the thyroid lobe with the carotid sheath was gently divided, far enough to visualize the prevertebral fascia. Once enough space was created, three trocars were inserted: a 12-mm trocar through the incision and two 2.5-mm trocars on the line of the anterior border of the SCM, above and below the first trocar. Carbon dioxide was insufflated to 8 mmHg. Unilateral video-assisted parathyroid exploration was then carried out using a 10-mm O(o) endoscope. Once the adenoma had been identified, the trocars were removed. Then, directly through the skin incision, the thyroid lobe was retracted medially and the adenoma was extracted after clipping its pedicle. Among the 23 enlarged glands, 20 (80%) were correctly identified by endoscopic exploration: mean weight 843 mg (100 mg to 5 g). The exploration was unilateral in 17 patients but bilateral in 5. Mean time of unilateral endoscopic exploration was 84 min (40-130 min). Morbidity was represented by two superficial hematomas. All 22 patients were biochemically cured, follow-up ranging from 3 months to 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study demonstrates that minimally invasive videoscopic parathyroidectomy by lateral approach is a feasible surgical procedure.

[Endoscopic parathyroidectomy via a lateral neck incision]. / Parathyroïdectomie vidéo-assistée par abord latéro-cervical.

A new approach to endoscopic parathyroidectomy is proposed. Via a 15 mm transverse incision on the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), the fascia connecting the lateral portion of the strap muscles and the thyroid lobe to the carotid sheath is divided at the level of the prevertebral fascia. Once enough space has been created, three trocars are inserted: a 12 mm trocar through the incision and two 2.5 mm trocars above and below the first trocar. Carbon dioxide is insufflated at a pressure of 8 mmHg. Unilateral endoscopic parathyroid exploration is then performed with a 10 mm-0 degree endoscopic camera. Once the adenoma has been identified and, if possible the ipsilateral parathyroid gland, the 3 trocars are removed and the adenoma is extracted from the neck after clipping its pedicle directly through the 15 mm incision. Twenty patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism were operated. The adenoma was localized pre-operatively in 14 patients. Intra-operative quick parathyroid hormone assay was used. Exploration was unilateral in 15 patients--Conversion to transverse cervicotomy was performed in 5 cases. In the 50 explored parathyroid areas, 34 glands (68%) were identified by video surgery: 18 of the 21 enlarged glands (86%) and 16 of the 29 normal glands (55%). Mean operating time was 88 minutes (40'-130'). Morbidity consisted of 2 superficial hematomas in the SCM. With a follow-up ranging from 6 to 15 months, all 20 patients are biochemically cured. This study demonstrates that endoscopic parathyroid exploration can be performed via a lateral incision.

[Zenker diverticulum: therapeutic approach]. / Diverticulo de Zenker: conducta terapéutica.

BACKGROUND: Pharyngoesophageal or Zenker diverticula are a few frequent pathology that could represent between 1 and 3% of the patients with dysphagia and their physiopathology even at present is scarcity clear. OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic procedures results about this pathology were analyzed. SETTING: Caraffa and Sucre Clinic. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHOD: It analyzed 13 patients operated by Zenker diverticula 9 of which were male and 4 were female sex with an average age of 55.6 years. Dysphagia occurred in 100% of the cases. Besides clinical finding the diagnosis was made evident by esophageal X-ray with contrast medium and endoscopy. Diverticulectomy by one stage through a left cervicotomy was the surgical procedure of choice. RESULTS: There was no surgical mortality. Related with morbility 2 patients presented fistulas managed medically and in other 2 patients abscesses of surgical wound occurred. The follow-up was carried on 6 months, 4 and 7 years respectively without relapses and with a good posterior evolution. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our short experience and the results attained we think the treatment of Zenker or pharyngoesophageal diverticulum by diverticulectomy through a left cervicotomy is safe and effective procedure to control this pathology.

[Amplifying right colectomy: place in the treatment of obstructive proximal left colon cancer]. / Colectomía derecha ampliada. Lugar en el tratamiento del cáncer de colon izquierdo proximal obstructivo.

The results obtained about nineteen (19) patients operated by left colon cancer with variable grade obstruction have been analysed. Seventeen (17) patients operated due to obstructive left colon cancer situated: five (5) in distal transverse colon, other five (5) at splenic flexure and seven (7) in proximal descending colon but three of them with right synchronic neoplasias. The remaining two (2) that showed a cancer located at splenic flexure and the other one in proximal descending colon were reoperated three weeks later than a transverse colostomy had been performed owing to an obstructive condition. One patient had to be reoperated because a generalised peritonitis from a fistula with partial disruption on end to end ileo-colic anastomosis. Exteriorization of both ends was carried out with favourable evolution and subsequent reanastomosis. An exteriorized patient by splenic flexure cancer also had to be drained ten days later for a retroperitoneal abscess through a percutaneous puncture and a lesion grade 1 in lower pole of spleen was resolved with electrofulguration. No patient has showed invalidating diarrhea and all themselves have been stabilised with two or three stools daily about two month after surgery. Amplifying right colectomy is a safe procedure with low surgical morbimortality and take privileged place in the treatment of the patients undergoing synchronical neoplasias and/or carcinomas associated with polyps, specially in all those cases when a variable grade of obstruction have occurred.

[Value of the nuclear magnetic cholangio resonance in the study of the patient with jaundice]. / Valor de la colangioresonancia magnético nuclear en el estudio del paciente icterico.

This report analyse the results about forty three (43) patients, thirty six (36) of which showed an extrahepatic obstructive biliary Syndrome was made evident by ultrasonography, five (5) with a cholecistolithiasis and doubtful history of jaundice were evaluated to carry out a video-surgery procedure and two (2) patients whom hepatic-yeyunostomy had been practiced, a control of anastomosis in postoperative period was required. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Operative Cholangiography findings were correlated and afterward with the anatomopathological studies when they arrived. In all cases the Nuclear Magnetic Cholangio Resonance (NMCR) let us prove the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction determining with precision furthermore the topographical site of the lesion. Respecting the aetiology of obstruction, NMCR was accurate in 34 out of 36 cases (94.4%). In conclusion Cholangio-Resonance is an excellent diagnostic method to evaluate biliary ductal system including anatomic changes. However, there are some limitations yet in order to determine the aetiology of lesions about extrahepatic biliary via extremes. We emphasize its features such as non-invasive, little operating dependent, and without morbimortality that become it as a method of choice to study the biliary via from a diagnostic viewpoint.

Diverticulo de Zenker: conducta terapéutica. / [Zenker diverticulum: therapeutic approach]

BACKGROUND: Pharyngoesophageal or Zenker diverticula are a few frequent pathology that could represent between 1 and 3

of the patients with dysphagia and their physiopathology even at present is scarcity clear. OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic procedures results about this pathology were analyzed. SETTING: Caraffa and Sucre Clinic. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. METHOD: It analyzed 13 patients operated by Zenker diverticula 9 of which were male and 4 were female sex with an average age of 55.6 years. Dysphagia occurred in 100

of the cases. Besides clinical finding the diagnosis was made evident by esophageal X-ray with contrast medium and endoscopy. Diverticulectomy by one stage through a left cervicotomy was the surgical procedure of choice. RESULTS: There was no surgical mortality. Related with morbility 2 patients presented fistulas managed medically and in other 2 patients abscesses of surgical wound occurred. The follow-up was carried on 6 months, 4 and 7 years respectively without relapses and with a good posterior evolution. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our short experience and the results attained we think the treatment of Zenker or pharyngoesophageal diverticulum by diverticulectomy through a left cervicotomy is safe and effective procedure to control this pathology.