Knowledge Graph-Based Approaches to Drug Repurposing for COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has motivated researchers all over the world in trying to find effective drugs and therapeutics for treating this disease. To save time, much effort has focused on repurposing drugs known for treating other diseases than COVID-19. To support these drug repurposing efforts, we built the CAS Biomedical Knowledge Graph and identified 1350 small molecules as potentially repurposable drugs that target host proteins and disease processes involved in COVID-19. A computer algorithm-driven drug-ranking method was developed to prioritize those identified small molecules. The top 50 molecules were analyzed according to their molecular functions and included 11 drugs in clinical trials for treating COVID-19 and new candidates that may be of interest for clinical investigation. The CAS Biomedical Knowledge Graph provides researchers an opportunity to accelerate innovation and streamline the investigative process not just for COVID-19 but also in many other diseases.

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Machine Learning Models and their Applications for Identifying Viral 3CLpro- and RdRp-Targeting Compounds as Potential Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Related Viral Infections.

In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is a worldwide effort being made to identify potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Here, we contribute to these efforts by building machine-learning predictive models to identify novel drug candidates for the viral targets 3 chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Chemist-curated training sets of substances were assembled from CAS data collections and integrated with curated bioassay data. The best-performing classification models were applied to screen a set of FDA-approved drugs and CAS REGISTRY substances that are similar to, or associated with, antiviral agents. Numerous substances with potential activity against 3CLpro or RdRp were found, and some were validated by published bioassay studies and/or by their inclusion in upcoming or ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. This study further supports that machine learning-based predictive models may be used to assist the drug discovery process for COVID-19 and other diseases.

Potential Therapeutic Agents and Associated Bioassay Data for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Infections.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has led to several million confirmed cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. To support the ongoing research and development of COVID-19 therapeutics, this report provides an overview of protein targets and corresponding potential drug candidates with bioassay and structure-activity relationship data found in the scientific literature and patents for COVID-19 or related virus infections. Highlighted are several sets of small molecules and biologics that act on specific targets, including 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, S-protein-ACE2 interaction, helicase/NTPase, TMPRSS2, and furin, which are involved in the viral life cycle or in other aspects of the disease pathophysiology. We hope this report will be valuable to the ongoing drug repurposing efforts and the discovery of new therapeutics with the potential for treating COVID-19.

Do psychopharmacologists speak to psychotherapists? A survey of practicing clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Split-treatment, the provision of psychotherapy and psychotropic medication by two different professionals, has become prevalent in U.S. mental health care delivery, as more Americans receive prescriptions and American psychiatrists provide less psychotherapy. Historically, communication between professionals treating the same patient has been an accepted principle of optimal care, but there has been only one formal assessment (Avena & Kalman, 2010a,b) of whether or not such communication actually takes place in the private sector. This article supplements the aforementioned survey of psychotherapists with a survey of psychiatrists. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An eight-item survey was mailed to 150 full-time private practice psychiatrists in Manhattan and New Jersey. Questionnaires were completed anonymously and returned by mail. Data was gathered about years of practice experience, how many patients were seen in the prior month, and how many patients were also in psychotherapy with another professional. Frequency of communication with psychotherapists on behalf of these patients and for patients in treatment for six months or longer was also assessed. Lastly, information was compiled on which professional more frequently initiated the communication when it did occur. RESULTS: Sixty-one psychiatrists, averaging 26.7 years in practice, returned surveys. For all respondents, the total number of medication-only patients seen in the last full month was 1903, of which 785 (41.25%) were in psychotherapy with another mental health professional. Respondents reported a total of 875 split-care patients in treatment for six months or longer, with no communication with the psychotherapist being reported on behalf of 24% of these individuals. Respondents indicated that they had initiated 68.4% of the most recent contacts with the other professional, and just 10 of 55 (18.2%) responding psychiatrists reported quarterly communication with their split-care patients' psychotherapists for all shared patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found that split-care treatment is common but that adequate communication between professionals engaged in such treatment frequently does not take place. Corroborating the findings of the earlier survey, many questions remain about the need for guidelines regarding the conduct of split-treatment and about how best to determine the importance of communication between professionals engaged in this therapeutic arrangement.