ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which grit influences the quality of life (QOL) in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Mixed-methods included a survey (n = 51) via Qualtrics utilizing the Grit Scale, Short Form-36 (SF-36), and general demographic questions and phenomenological interviews (n = 14). Quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS25. Qualitative data were analyzed using whole-parts-whole analysis. The average grit score for participants diagnosed with MS was 3.8 ± 0.5. Moderate correlations existed between grit scores and emotional role limitations (r = .542, P < .001), emotional well-being (r = .542, P < .001), and social functioning (r = .448, P < .001). Common themes that emerged from the phase II interviews included (a) an initial shock or relief factor, (b) an identity shift, and (c) advocacy and victories. Higher levels of grit correlate with a better QOL.
ABSTRACT
The human gut microbiota controls factors that relate to human metabolism with a reach far greater than originally expected. Microbial communities and human (or animal) hosts entertain reciprocal exchanges between various inputs that are largely controlled by the host via its genetic make-up, nutrition and lifestyle. The composition of these microbial communities is fundamental to supply metabolic capabilities beyond those encoded in the host genome, and contributes to hormone and cellular signalling that support the dynamic adaptation to changes in food availability, environment and organismal development. Poor functional exchange between the microbial communities and their human host is associated with dysbiosis, metabolic dysfunction and disease. This review examines the biology of the dynamic relationship between the reciprocal metabolic state of the microbiota-host entity in balance with its environment (i.e. in healthy states), the enzymatic and metabolic changes associated with its imbalance in three well-studied diseases states such as obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and the effects of bariatric surgery and exercise.
Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Animals , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Atherosclerosis/microbiology , Atherosclerosis/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/microbiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Dysbiosis/metabolism , Dysbiosis/microbiology , Dysbiosis/therapy , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Host Microbial Interactions , Humans , Obesity/metabolism , Obesity/microbiology , Obesity/therapyABSTRACT
Polyuria is an important symptom or sign because of its potential severity, diverse causes, and interesting pathophysiology. Whereas polyuria induced by water diuresis is reasonably well understood and easily recognized by clinicians, that produced by solute diuresis is more likely to cause confusion. In this article, we focus on solute diuresis as a cause of polyuria, review the classification and pathophysiology of polyuria, and describe the clinical and laboratory studies useful for the evaluation of the polyuric patient. A stepwise, logical approach is provided (1) to determine whether a patient has a water diuresis, a solute diuresis, or both (concurrently), and (2) if a solute diuresis is present, to determine if it is caused by electrolytes (eg, sodium chloride sodium bicarbonate), by nonelectrolytes (eg, glucose, urea), or by both. How to assess these possibilities and to determine the specific cause of the diuresis is discussed in detail. Three representative case examples are provided. Selected causes of a solute diuresis also are reviewed.
