ABSTRACT
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were developed as antidepressants but many drugs, including the novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents, share similar molecular properties and have MAO inhibitory activity. Factors important for binding antidepressants and modifications to decrease binding of oxazolidinones to avoid undesirable vascular effects are discussed.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents/chemistry , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/chemistry , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/metabolism , Binding Sites , Carbazoles/chemistry , Carbazoles/metabolism , Carbazoles/pharmacology , Humans , Hypertension/chemically induced , Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism , Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors/metabolism , Oxazolidinones/adverse effects , Oxazolidinones/chemistry , Oxazolidinones/pharmacology , Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
A series of analogues of, and potential pro-drugs derived from, the potent antibacterial diterpene totarol (1) were synthesized in order to elucidate the minimum structural requirements for antibacterial activity and to seek compounds with good bioavailability in vivo. These analogues varied in the structural features of their aromatic rings and the prodrugs were O-glycosylated derivatives. They were tested in vitro against three gram-positive bacteria: beta-lactamase-positive and high level gentamycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); and against the gram-negative multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. None of the analogues was more potent than totarol itself, which is effective against these gram-positive bacteria at MIC values of 7 microM. The results were evaluated in terms of a structure-activity relationship and this showed that a phenolic moiety was essential for potent antibacterial activity. Amongst the pro-drugs, totaryl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (22) proved the most active in vitro (MIC 18 microM). The in vivo antibacterial activities of compounds 1, 22 and totarol beta-lactoside (23) were assessed in a mouse model of infection, but they were found to be ineffective. Compounds 1 and 22 were shown to be cytotoxic towards proliferating human cell cultures, CH 2983, HeLa, and MG 63, but only at concentrations of > 30 microM.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Diterpenes/chemistry , Prodrugs/chemistry , Abietanes , Alkylation , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Diterpenes/chemical synthesis , Diterpenes/pharmacology , Esterification , Glycosylation , Humans , Isomerism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Structure , Prodrugs/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
Antifungal azole derivatives are known to have potential for inhibition of host P-450 systems, and, in the attempts to increase the antifungal specificity of the inhibitor by identification of extra receptor binding within the enzyme complex, initial synthesis was guided by the structural requirements of the natural lanosterol substrate. With the aid of computer graphics, the 3'-styryl functionality was identified as a key structural element. For metabolically stable systems, in vitro-in vivo correlations exist, but optimizing oral activity resulted in the production of compounds with unacceptably long elimination half-lives. A disconnection of this relationship was achieved in pairs of structural isosteres with metabolic nonequivalence (CN:CONH2/OCH3:OCF3) and led to the identification of ICI 195,739, a novel 3'-tetrafluoropropoxystyryl-substituted bistriazole tertiary alcohol, as the compound of choice.
