Pan-genome survey of Septoria pistaciarum, causal agent of Septoria leaf spot of pistachios, across three Aegean sub-regions of Greece.

Septoria pistaciarum, a causal agent of Septoria leaf spot disease of pistachio, is a fungal pathogen that causes substantial losses in the cultivation, worldwide. This study describes the first pan-genome-based survey of this phytopathogen-comprising a total of 27 isolates, with 9 isolates each from 3 regional units of Greece (Pieria, Larissa and Fthiotida). The reference isolate (SPF8) assembled into a total of 43.1 Mb, with 38.6% contained within AT-rich regions of approximately 37.5% G:C. The genomes of the 27 isolates exhibited on average 42% gene-coding and 20% repetitive regions. The genomes of isolates from the southern Fthiotida region appeared to more diverged from each other than the other regions based on SNP-derived trees, and also contained isolates similar to both the Pieria and Larissa regions. In contrast, isolates of the Pieria and Larissa were less diverse and distinct from one another. Asexual reproduction appeared to be typical, with no MAT1-2 locus detected in any isolate. Genome-based prediction of infection mode indicated hemibiotrophic and saprotrophic adaptations, consistent with its long latent phase. Gene prediction and orthology clustering generated a pan-genome-wide gene set of 21,174 loci. A total of 59 ortholog groups were predicted to contain candidate effector proteins, with 36 (61%) of these either having homologs to known effectors from other species or could be assigned predicted functions from matches to conserved domains. Overall, effector prediction suggests that S. pistaciarum employs a combination of defensive effectors with roles in suppression of host defenses, and offensive effectors with a range of cytotoxic activities. Some effector-like ortholog groups presented as divergent versions of the same protein, suggesting region-specific adaptations may have occurred. These findings provide insights and future research directions in uncovering the pathogenesis and population dynamics of S. pistaciarum toward the efficient management of Septoria leaf spot of pistachio.

Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum, 2000-17: a spatial and temporal modelling study.

BACKGROUND: Since 2000, the scale-up of malaria control interventions has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality caused by the disease globally, fuelling bold aims for disease elimination. In tandem with increased availability of geospatially resolved data, malaria control programmes increasingly use high-resolution maps to characterise spatially heterogeneous patterns of disease risk and thus efficiently target areas of high burden. METHODS: We updated and refined the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate and clinical incidence models for sub-Saharan Africa, which rely on cross-sectional survey data for parasite rate and intervention coverage. For malaria endemic countries outside of sub-Saharan Africa, we produced estimates of parasite rate and incidence by applying an ecological downscaling approach to malaria incidence data acquired via routine surveillance. Mortality estimates were derived by linking incidence to systematically derived vital registration and verbal autopsy data. Informed by high-resolution covariate surfaces, we estimated P falciparum parasite rate, clinical incidence, and mortality at national, subnational, and 5 × 5 km pixel scales with corresponding uncertainty metrics. FINDINGS: We present the first global, high-resolution map of P falciparum malaria mortality and the first global prevalence and incidence maps since 2010. These results are combined with those for Plasmodium vivax (published separately) to form the malaria estimates for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. The P falciparum estimates span the period 2000-17, and illustrate the rapid decline in burden between 2005 and 2017, with incidence declining by 27·9% and mortality declining by 42·5%. Despite a growing population in endemic regions, P falciparum cases declined between 2005 and 2017, from 232·3 million (95% uncertainty interval 198·8-277·7) to 193·9 million (156·6-240·2) and deaths declined from 925 800 (596 900-1 341 100) to 618 700 (368 600-952 200). Despite the declines in burden, 90·1% of people within sub-Saharan Africa continue to reside in endemic areas, and this region accounted for 79·4% of cases and 87·6% of deaths in 2017. INTERPRETATION: High-resolution maps of P falciparum provide a contemporary resource for informing global policy and malaria control planning, programme implementation, and monitoring initiatives. Amid progress in reducing global malaria burden, areas where incidence trends have plateaued or increased in the past 5 years underscore the fragility of hard-won gains against malaria. Efforts towards elimination should be strengthened in such areas, and those where burden remained high throughout the study period. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.