[Chemicals as fire damaging factor].

The article provides an overview of published scientific data about toxic chemical compounds formed during thermal degradation of various materials. In case of fire the complex of physical and chemical factors affect the human, along with injuries, thermal burns of the skin and respiratory tract there is a lack of oxygen in the inspired air and the impact of thermal degradation products. The greatest number of deaths in.a fire due to the inhalation by the victims smoke and toxic gases. The impact of the combination of toxic substances leads to the development of various forms of toxic process. The main causes of poisoning at the fires due to the effects of toxic substances and substances which can cause structural and functional disorders of the respiratory organ. Intoxication manifestations by some of them appear already in the fire zone, in other cases, in cases of poisoning by the compounds of the slow motion, there is the latent period of of intoxication. Knowledge of the spectrum of toxic products thermal destruction on the human during the fire, it is necessary to develop approaches to improve medical care and creation of tools of medical protection.

[The use of the new loads of expendable medical supplies by the medical service of the Armed Forces].

The new loads of expendable medical supplies adopted by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and included into regulating documents are the most important elements of the authorized equipment system. Nine loads of expendable medical supplies, combined into two classification groups, are provided for the medical service. The use of these loads improves the effectiveness of medical supply for all stages of medical evacuation, medical continuity during medical and evacuation procedures and allows to deliver medical aid to patients on the basis of modern and innovative medical technologies.

[Radiomitigators: prospects for use in medical radiation protection].

Prospects of creation and use of radiomitigators--the treatment-and-prophylactic means intended for rendering medical care by the victim of influence of ionizing radiation in the earliest terms after irradiation (hours, days) are presented. It is shown that the most effective radiomitigators are found among natural biopolymers of a microbic origin (a vaccine from bacteria of enterotyphus group, preparations of lipopolysaccharide or protein-polysaccharide components of these microbes). Very perspective such preparations as desoxinate, translame and flagellin are represented. The expressed radiomitigate properties such antioxidants as a-tocopherole, xantosine, caffeine, selenium methionine, inosine, guanosine and antioxidant complexes are possess. Among steroids the greatest interest represents 5-androstenediol. Radiomitigate properties have some cytokines, for example interleukine-1beta (betaleukine), trombopoetin, stem cell factor, and also their combination with colony stimulated factors. Tasks of increase of efficiency of medical radiation protection at early stages of a radiation injures are formulated.

[The main ways of improvement of medical support of the Air Forces in modern conditions].

Blaginin A.A., Grebenyuk A.N., Lizogub LN. - The main ways of improvement of medical support of the Air Forces in modern conditions. Aircrew conducting active hostilities suffers from the whole spectrum of factors and conditions of the combat situation. The main task for the medical service of the Air Force is to carry out preventive and curative action for aviation specialists who are responsible for the combat capability of aircraft formations. The medical service of the Air Force must have forces and facilities for planning, organization and implementation of the treatment of lightly wounded and sick aviation professionals with short periods of recovery, medical rehabilitation of aircrew qfter suffering injuries, diseases, sanatorium therapy of aircrew with partial failure of health, outpatient and inpatient medical examination aircrew - flight commissions, preventive rest of aviation specialists with symptoms of chronic fatigue. Should be trained aviation physicians, including both basic military medical education and in-depth study of the medical aspects of various fields of personnel of the Air Force.

[The effectiveness of molixan as a means of correction of chemoradiation therapy negative manifestations in patients with oropharyngeal cancer].

The effectiveness of the peptide immunomodulator molixan as a means of support and correction of chemoradiation therapy of oral mucositis have been studied in 36 patients with primary regional cancer of the oral mucosa and the oropharynx. Combined chemotherapy of patients with cisplatin and standard radiotherapy was associated with progression of oral mucositis and hematopoietic disorders which manifested themselves in the form of neutro-, lympho- and thrombocytopenia. Therapeutic intramuscular application of molixan at a dose of 60 mg once a day after a fraction of irradiation made it possible to reduce the severity of oral mucositis (from grade III-IV to grade I-II), as well as to maintain in patients a higher level of white blood cells and platelets in the blood, which made it possible to complete the planned course of chemoradiation therapy.

[Prospects of the use of radioprotectors for improvement of anti-radiation medicine in the Armed Forces].

rThe author presented review of foreign and domestic literature concerning the problem of researching of new types of radioprotectors. The most effective radioprotectors are non-androgen steroids, organic compounds of protein, organic and chemical antioxidants. The methods of local delivery of radioprotectors to bioplast are under development.

[The use of immunological characteristics of the peripheral blood for the purpose of forensic medical expertise of the subjects exposed to ionizing radiation].

The objective of the present study was the comprehensive evaluation of quantitative and functional metabolic characteristics of human leukocytes following in vitro irradiation of peripheral blood samples at a dose of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 4.0 Gy for the development of a rationale for their application as biological markers of radiation exposure in forensic medical expertise of the subjects affected by supernormal ionizing radiation. The total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and their subpopulations as well as the functional and metabolic status of neutrophils were determined. The results of the study indicate the possibility of using a set of functional metabolic characteristics of human leukocytes as the additional forensic medical criteria for diagnostics of radiation impact on living subjects.

[Modern condition and prospects of improvement of the specialized medical care for acute bone marrow syndrome of radiation etiology].

It is shown, that tactics of treatment of acute marrow failure of radiant etiology is based, first of all, on measures of supporting, replaceable and stimulating therapy. The modern means, used for prophylactic and treatment of infectious complications, are resulted. Opportunities and restrictions of transfusion of donor thrombocytes and granulocytes, erythrocytes and chilled plasma are described. Therapeutic efficiency of transplantation of a bone marrow, cells of embryonic liver and stem cells of peripheral or umbilical cord blood is analyzed. It is shown, that the greatest prospects in perfection of the specialized medical aid at acute radiation syndrome are connected to complex application of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-3, granulocyte or granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulated factor, thrombopoietin and others cytokines.

[Forensic medicine as the cradle of toxicology in Russia].

Modern toxicology as a science and educational subject originated from forensic medicine in the middle of the XIXth century. In the beginning, selected toxicological problems were taught in the Emperor's Medical Surgical Academy (presently S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Sankt-Peterburg) and at the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University (presently I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow). The greatest contribution to the development of toxicology was made by such outstanding scientists as professors S.A. Gromov, P.P. Pelekhin, P.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky, E.V. Pelikan, Ya.A. Chistovich, G.I. Blosfel'd, I.M. Sorokin, D.P. Kosorotov, A.V. Grigoriev, V.V. Andreev, A.A. Glebovich, A.N. Grigoriev, B.I. Predtechensky, V.M. Rozhkov, S.S. Vail, M.N. Lubotsky, etc. The works of these researchers predetermined the further development of toxicology in this country, its main purpose being provision of medical aid in case of poisoning and diseases of chemical etiology. Another line of toxicological research became industrial and environmental toxicology having the purpose of hygienic rating and prevention of poisoning. Nevertheless, all aspects of the multifaceted science of toxicology are related to forensic medicine as the cradle in which it originated, evolved, and turned into a self-consistent science.

[The influence of consecutive application of radioprotector B-190 and interleukin-1beta on changes of number of peripheral blood leucocytes and functional status of neutrophils of irradiated mice].

The estimation of efficiency of consecutive application of radioprotector B-190 and interleukin-1beta administered at early times after acute irradiation by studying the changes of the number of peripheral blood leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as cytochemical research into the contents of glycogen, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase in neutrophils of the irradiated mice was carried out. It is established that administration of radioprotector B-190 at a doze of 50 mg/kg for 15 minutes before irradiation and interleukin-1beta at a doze of 50 mkg/kg for 15 minutes after irradiation reduces the expressiveness of post-irradiation leukopenia, accelerates restoration of the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in peripheral blood, normalizes the functional status of neutrophils of irradiated mice to a greater degree than their isolated introduction.

[The experimental evaluation of antiradiation effectiveness of genistein by survival rates and bone marrow hemopoiesis of mice irradiated by X-rays].

The study was aimed at evaluating the radioprotective effectiveness of genistein administered at different times before or after acute irradiation. Evaluation ofradioprotective efficiency was performed by studying the 30-day survival rate, life expectancy, bone marrow hemapoiesis using the method of endogenous and exogenous colony formation. We have established that genistein at a dose of 200 mg/kg when administered 1 hour prior to irradiation has the highest radioprotective efficiency. In this case, genistein protects mice against death due to X-ray radiation at doses LD(50-90/30), increasing their survival rate by 30-44%, and reduces expression of post radiation disorders of bone marrow hematopoiesis.

[Experimental estimation of application efficacy of wound coverings as a means of conservative therapy of local radiation burns formed at combined radiation injures].

The study was aimed at experimental evaluating the efficacy of experimental wound collagen coverings "Sangvikol", "Gemasept", "Kolotsil" and "Biatravm" for treatment of deep radiation burns which form at combined radiation injures. The combined radiation injures were modeled by consecutive local X-ray radiation of skin at a dose of 120 Gy and the total whole body gamma-irradiation from a source of 137Cs at a dose of4 Gy. It is established that wound collagen coverings are well modeled on a wound, absorb excess exudate, maintain optimum humidity in a wound; protect a wound from infection, and medicinal fillers contribute to the activation of reparative processes in the irradiated skin. Wound coverings do not require frequent dressings and more effectively prevent post-radiation depression recovery processes in irradiated skin than ointments.

[Experimental study of the therapeutic efficiency of the lithium salt of glutathione disulphide in the conditions of acute external gamma-irradiation].

Experimental studies on white outbred male mice subjected to gamma-irradiation at doses LD(80/30) have found that the therapeutic use of Litan contributes to the increase (by 40-50%) in the survival rate of the animals. Introduction to irradiated animals of Litan increases the intensity of the inclusion of 3H-thymidine in the DNA of the bone marrow cells and is associated with a growing number of splenic endogenous colonies, which can testify to the stimulating influence of the drug on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, as well as on the deficit restoration of full-fledged mature cell forms in the peripheral blood.

[Use of modern first-aid kits in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation].

Taken to supply of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, individual and group first aid kits include a range of innovative pharmaceuticals and medical devices, which ensures effective implementation of measures of first aid to servicemen injured and wounded in the performance of combat training missions, the conduct of hostilities with conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction, as well as the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters (catastrophes).

[The experimental evaluation of antiradiation effectiveness of beta-estradiol on survival rates and bone marrow hemopoiesis of X-ray irradiated mice].

The study was aimed at evaluating the radioprotective effectiveness of beta-estradiol following its prophylactic administration in conditions of acute irradiation. Evaluation of the radioprotective efficiency was performed by studying the 30-day survival rate, life expectancy, the structure of irradiated mice death, the bone marrow hematopoiesis using the method of exogenous colony formation. The prophylactic use of beta-estradiol at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg 5 days before irradiation has been established to protect the exposed mice against radiation death induced by X-rays at doses LD50-90/30, thus increasing their survival rate by 17-58%, and to favor the reduced expression of post radiation disorders of bone marrow hematopoiesis.

[Modern possibilities of therapeutic aid in the time of mass sanitary losses of radiation profile].

Modern concept of medical-prophylactic measures in the time of mass radiation affection is presented in the present article. Moreover the past changes in organization-regular structure of medical service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and appearance of new time-board equipment were taken into account. Recommendations about the rendering of all types of therapeutic aid on all stages of medical evacuation--first, premedical, medical assistance, qualified and specialized--are given.

[Effect of indometofen on the survival and bone marrow hemopoiesis of mice exposed to acute external gamma- or X-ray irradiation].

The purpose of the study is evaluation of radioprotective effectiveness of indometofen at its prophylactic administration in conditions of acute irradiation. Evaluation of radioprotective efficiency was performed by studying the 30-day survival rate, life expectancy, structure of deathly irradiated mice, and bone marrow hemopoiesis using methods of endogenous and exogenous colony formation. The prophylactic application of indometofen at doses 30 mg/kg for 5 days before irradiation has been observed to protect mice against radiation death induced by gamma or X-ray exposures at doses LD(50-70/30), increasing their survival rate by 16-44%, and reduce severity of post radiation disorders of bone marrow hemopoiesis.

[Sanitary and chemical protection during the Great Patriotic War].

During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) there was a real danger of use by German armies of the chemical weapon against staff of Red Army. However German command didn't risked to go on conducting large-scale chemical war against the USSR that rescued from painful death millions person. A principal cause of this decision was well organized and technically provided system of antigas protection in Red Army, including precisely organized actions of sanitary-chemical protection, qualitative preparation of military doctors on these questions and presence at them effective antidotes and other means of treatment of injuries by fighting poison gases.

[Modern possibilities of medicinal prophylaxis and early therapy of radiation injuries].

Medical antiradiation protection is one of the key factors determining fighting capacity of armies. The basis of medical protection in the countries of the NATO is made with the preparations used up to an irradiation (radioprotector WR-2721) and at the first time after radiating influence. The Russian system of antiradiation protection includes radioprotectors, drugs for prophylaxis and treatment of syndrome of primary reaction to an irradiation, means of early therapy of radiation injure, preparations for sorption and elimination of radionuclides, got in an organism.