ABSTRACT
(S)-N-[1-(3-Morpholin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-3-phenylacrylamide (2) was synthesized as an orally bioavailable KCNQ2 potassium channel opener. In a rat model of migraine, 2 demonstrated significant oral activity in reducing the total number of cortical spreading depressions induced by potassium chloride.
Subject(s)
Acrylamides/chemical synthesis , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Migraine Disorders/physiopathology , Morpholines/chemical synthesis , Potassium Channels/drug effects , Acrylamides/chemistry , Acrylamides/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Cell Line , Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology , Disease Models, Animal , Dogs , Humans , Ion Channel Gating , KCNQ2 Potassium Channel , Migraine Disorders/metabolism , Morpholines/chemistry , Morpholines/pharmacology , Oocytes/drug effects , Oocytes/physiology , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Potassium Channels/physiology , Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Xenopus laevisABSTRACT
Primary rat microglia stimulated with either ATP or 2'- and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) release copious amounts of superoxide (O(2)(-)*). ATP and BzATP stimulate O(2)(-)* production through purinergic receptors, primarily the P2X(7) receptor. O(2)(-)* is produced through the activation of the NADPH oxidase. Although both p42/44 MAPK and p38 MAPK were activated rapidly in cells stimulated with BzATP, only pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK attenuated O(2)(-)* production. Furthermore, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase attenuated O(2)(-)* production to a greater extent than an inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Both ATP and BzATP stimulated microglia-induced cortical cell death indicating this pathway may contribute to neurodegeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, P2X(7) receptor was specifically up-regulated around beta-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Tg2576).
