ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The development of beta-site amyloid-beta precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease requires optimization of inhibitor potency, selectivity, and brain penetration. Moreover, there is a need for low-dose compounds since liver toxicity was found with some BACE inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the high in vitro potency and robust pharmacodynamic effect of the BACE inhibitor LY3202626 observed in nonclinical species translated to humans. METHODS: The effect of LY3202626 versus vehicle on amyloid-ß (Aß) levels was evaluated in a series of in vitro assays, as well as in in vivo and multi-part clinical pharmacology studies. Aß levels were measured using analytical biochemistry assays in brain, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice, dogs and humans. Nonclinical data were analyzed using an ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test and clinical data used summary statistics. RESULTS: LY3202626 exhibited significant human BACE1 inhibition, with an IC50 of 0.615±0.101 nM in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay and an EC50 of 0.275±0.176ânM for lowering Aß1-40 and 0.228±0.244ânM for Aß1-42 in PDAPP neuronal cultures. In dogs, CSF Aß1hboxx concentrations were significantly reduced by â¼80% at 9 hours following a 1.5âmg/kg dose. In humans, CSF Aß1-42 was reduced by 73.1±7.96 % following administration of 6âmg QD. LY3202626 was found to freely cross the blood-brain barrier in dogs and humans. CONCLUSION: LY3202626 is a potent BACE1 inhibitor with high blood-brain barrier permeability. The favorable safety and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of LY3202626 supports further clinical development.
ABSTRACT
The beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, known as BACE1, has been a widely pursued Alzheimer's disease drug target owing to its critical role in the production of amyloid-beta. We have previously reported the clinical development of LY2811376 and LY2886721. LY2811376 advanced to Phase I before development was terminated due to nonclinical retinal toxicity. LY2886721 advanced to Phase II, but development was halted due to abnormally elevated liver enzymes. Herein, we report the discovery and clinical development of LY3202626, a highly potent, CNS-penetrant, and low-dose BACE inhibitor, which successfully addressed these key development challenges.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Blood-Brain Barrier/physiology , Brain/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Drug Stability , Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Male , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Protease Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protease Inhibitors/metabolism , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Protein Binding , Pyrazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrazines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrroles/chemical synthesis , Pyrroles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Inhibition of BACE1 has become an important strategy in the quest for disease modifying agents to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. We previously reported the fragment-based discovery of LY2811376, the first BACE1 inhibitor reported to demonstrate robust reduction of human CSF Aß in a Phase I clinical trial. We also reported on the discovery of LY2886721, a potent BACE1 inhibitor that reached phase 2 clinical trials. Herein we describe the preparation and structure activity relationships (SAR) of a series of BACE1 inhibitors utilizing trans-cyclopropyl moieties as conformational constraints. The design, details of the stereochemically complex organic synthesis, and biological activity of these BACE1 inhibitors is described.
