ABSTRACT
Bloody nipple discharge is a rare finding in infants and is associated most often with benign mammary duct ectasia. The rarity of this symptom in infants and its association with breast carcinoma in adults can lead to unnecessary investigation and treatment. Here we describe a 4-month-old boy with bilateral bloody nipple discharge that resolved spontaneously without treatment by 6 months of age. Furthermore, we propose a strategic method for the evaluation of such infants.
Subject(s)
Exudates and Transudates/metabolism , Nipples/metabolism , Blood , Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Humans , Infant , Male , Remission, SpontaneousABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe and compare adolescent and parent report of diabetes management and to identify racial/ethnic differences in diabetes management and metabolic control in adolescents in poor metabolic control. METHODS: The convenience sample consisted of 31 mother-adolescent dyads. Diabetes management was measured by the Diabetes Management Scale. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and t-tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The overall mean of individual management activities was 66% for adolescents and 68% for mothers. Mismanagement of insulin was reported by 25% of the adolescents yet this behavior was supervised only 65% of the time. Better metabolic control was related to eating 3 meals a day, getting insulin every day, and more assistance with meals. African American adolescents were in poorer metabolic control than European Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes management behaviors are performed much less frequently than recommended by adolescents and their mothers. Additional research is necessary to identify modifiable factors that contribute to inadequate diabetes management to identify intervention strategies to improve diabetes management in adolescents with poor metabolic control.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Health Services , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/rehabilitation , Diet, Diabetic , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Teaching/methods , Adolescent , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism , Female , Humans , Mothers/education , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of using multisystemic therapy (MST), an intensive, home-based psychotherapy, to improve poor metabolic control among four adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHOD: A multiple baseline, repeated measures design was used. Blood glucose readings were obtained every 2 weeks during a baseline period, a 7-month intervention, and a month-long postintervention period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) was measured at baseline and follow-up and was contrasted between two participants who received MST and two participants who did not receive the intervention. RESULTS: Intervention participants showed improvements in health status, as well as fewer hospitalizations and emergency room visits. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this case study suggest that MST has the potential to improve treatment adherence and metabolic control among teens with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes.
