Prebiotics and Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Disorders.

The complex role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders is an emerging area of research, and there is considerable interest in understanding how diet can alter the composition and function of the microbiome. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to beneficially modulate the gut microbiome, which underlies their potential for benefit in GI conditions. Formulating specific recommendations for the public regarding these dietary supplements has been difficult due to the significant heterogeneity between strains, doses, and duration of treatment investigated across studies, as well as safety concerns with administering live organisms. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence for the use of prebiotics and probiotics in various GI disorders, paying special attention to strain-specific effects that emerged and any adverse effects noted.

Contact with caregivers is associated with composition of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome in the first 6 months of life.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about how physical contact at birth and early caregiving environments influence the colonization of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. We investigated how infant contact with caregivers at birth and within the first 2 weeks of life relates to the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome in a sample of U.S. infants (n = 60). METHODS: Skin-to-skin and physical contact with caregivers at birth and early caregiving environments were surveyed at 2 weeks postpartum. Stool samples were collected from infants at 2 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months of age and underwent 16S rRNA sequencing as a proxy for the gastrointestinal microbiome. Associations between early caregiving environments and alpha and beta diversity, and differential abundance of bacteria at the genus level were assessed using PERMANOVA, and negative binomial mixed models in DEseq2. RESULTS: Time in physical contact with caregivers explained 10% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks' age. The number of caregivers in the first few weeks of life explained 9% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks and the number of individuals in physical contact at birth explained 11% of variation in beta diversity at 6 months. Skin-to-skin contact on the day of birth was positively associated with the abundance of eight genera. Infants held for by more individuals had greater abundance of eight genera. DISCUSSION: Results reveal a potential mechanism (skin-to-skin and physical contact) by which caregivers influence the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. Our findings contribute to work exploring the social transmission of microbes.

Increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives aortic valve calcification.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is heritable, as revealed by recent GWAS. While polymorphisms linked to increased expression of CACNA1C - encoding the CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel - and increased Ca2+ signaling are associated with CAVD, whether increased Ca2+ influx through the druggable CaV1.2 causes CAVD is unknown. We confirmed the association between increased CaV1.2 expression and CAVD in surgically removed aortic valves from patients. We extended our studies with a transgenic mouse model that mimics increased CaV1.2 expression within aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs). In young mice maintained on normal chow, we observed dystrophic valve lesions that mimic changes found in presymptomatic CAVD and showed activation of chondrogenic and osteogenic transcriptional regulators within these valve lesions. Chronic administration of verapamil, a CaV1.2 antagonist used clinically, slowed the progression of lesion development in vivo. Exploiting VIC cultures, we demonstrated that increased Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 drives signaling programs that lead to myofibroblast activation of VICs and upregulation of genes associated with aortic valve calcification. Our data support a causal role for Ca2+ influx through CaV1.2 in CAVD and suggest that early treatment with Ca2+ channel blockers is an effective therapeutic strategy.

A standardized method to determine the effect of polymerization shrinkage on the cusp deflection and shrinkage induced built-in stress of class II tooth models.

OBJECTIVES: Using standardized aluminum tooth models, this study: 1) measured the deflection along the cusp wall of models with a Class II cavity restored using either bulk filling or horizontal incremental filling techniques, and 2) calculated the cusp deflection and built-in stress within the restored tooth models for both filling techniques using a finite element (FE) model. METHODS: Standardized tooth models with Class II cavities 4 mm deep, 4 mm high and 6 mm wide were machined out of aluminum. The models were restored using Filtek Posterior Restorative A2 shade resin-based composite (RBC). Both bulk filling and horizontal incremental filling techniques were used to restore the tooth models. After photocuring for 20 s from a single peak wavelength light-curing unit (LCU) with a radiant exitance of 1.25 W/cm2, the deflection of the cusp wall surface was measured using a profilometer. A FE model was used to predict the cuspal deflection and built-in stress of the restored tooth models. RESULTS: The elastic modulus within the FE model was parameterized using cusp deflection data obtained on a bulk filled tooth model. An agreement was found between the measured and predicted cusp deflection only when considering partial stress relaxation within the first incremental layer for the two-layer incremental filling technique. The calculated built-in stress was significantly reduced within the RBC and along the cavity walls when the cavity was filled incrementally in a horizontal direction compared to when it was bulk filled, resulting in a significantly smaller cusp deflection. SIGNIFICANCE: The FE model was first calibrated and then validated using measured cusp deflection data. Partial stress relaxation may play a significant role in the horizontal incremental filling technique. The model can be used to predict where the built-in stress within the tooth model occurs. This study explains why for a given RBC, a horizontal incremental filling and curing technique results in lower built-in stress within the restored tooth and lower cusp deflection compared to the bulk curing technique.

A Large Panel of Isogenic APP and PSEN1 Mutant Human iPSC Neurons Reveals Shared Endosomal Abnormalities Mediated by APP ß-CTFs, Not Aß.

Familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD) results from mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes. Here we leveraged recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technologies to generate a panel of isogenic knockin human iPSC lines carrying APP and/or PSEN1 mutations. Global transcriptomic and translatomic profiling revealed that fAD mutations have overlapping effects on the expression of AD-related and endocytosis-associated genes. Mutant neurons also increased Rab5+ early endosome size. APP and PSEN1 mutations had discordant effects on Aß production but similar effects on APP ß C-terminal fragments (ß-CTFs), which accumulate in all mutant neurons. Importantly, endosomal dysfunction correlated with accumulation of ß-CTFs, not Aß, and could be rescued by pharmacological modulation of ß-secretase (BACE). These data display the utility of our mutant iPSCs in studying AD-related phenotypes in a non-overexpression human-based system and support mounting evidence that ß-CTF may be critical in AD pathogenesis.

Efficient introduction of specific homozygous and heterozygous mutations using CRISPR/Cas9.

The bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system allows sequence-specific gene editing in many organisms and holds promise as a tool to generate models of human diseases, for example, in human pluripotent stem cells. CRISPR/Cas9 introduces targeted double-stranded breaks (DSBs) with high efficiency, which are typically repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) resulting in nonspecific insertions, deletions or other mutations (indels). DSBs may also be repaired by homology-directed repair (HDR) using a DNA repair template, such as an introduced single-stranded oligo DNA nucleotide (ssODN), allowing knock-in of specific mutations. Although CRISPR/Cas9 is used extensively to engineer gene knockouts through NHEJ, editing by HDR remains inefficient and can be corrupted by additional indels, preventing its widespread use for modelling genetic disorders through introducing disease-associated mutations. Furthermore, targeted mutational knock-in at single alleles to model diseases caused by heterozygous mutations has not been reported. Here we describe a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing framework that allows selective introduction of mono- and bi-allelic sequence changes with high efficiency and accuracy. We show that HDR accuracy is increased dramatically by incorporating silent CRISPR/Cas-blocking mutations along with pathogenic mutations, and establish a method termed 'CORRECT' for scarless genome editing. By characterizing and exploiting a stereotyped inverse relationship between a mutation's incorporation rate and its distance to the DSB, we achieve predictable control of zygosity. Homozygous introduction requires a guide RNA targeting close to the intended mutation, whereas heterozygous introduction can be accomplished by distance-dependent suboptimal mutation incorporation or by use of mixed repair templates. Using this approach, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cells with heterozygous and homozygous dominant early onset Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP(Swe)) and presenilin 1 (PSEN1(M146V)) and derived cortical neurons, which displayed genotype-dependent disease-associated phenotypes. Our findings enable efficient introduction of specific sequence changes with CRISPR/Cas9, facilitating study of human disease.

USP1 deubiquitinates ID proteins to preserve a mesenchymal stem cell program in osteosarcoma.

Inhibitors of DNA binding (IDs) antagonize basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit differentiation and maintain stem cell fate. ID ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation occur in differentiated tissues, but IDs in many neoplasms appear to escape degradation. We show that the deubiquitinating enzyme USP1 promotes ID protein stability and stem cell-like characteristics in osteosarcoma. USP1 bound, deubiquitinated, and thereby stabilized ID1, ID2, and ID3. A subset of primary human osteosarcomas coordinately overexpressed USP1 and ID proteins. USP1 knockdown in osteosarcoma cells precipitated ID protein destabilization, cell-cycle arrest, and osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, ectopic USP1 expression in mesenchymal stem cells stabilized ID proteins, inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, and enhanced proliferation. Consistent with USP1 functioning in normal mesenchymal stem cells, USP1-deficient mice were osteopenic. Our observations implicate USP1 in preservation of the stem cell state that characterizes osteosarcoma and identify USP1 as a target for differentiation therapy.