ABSTRACT
Laboratory experiments have advanced our understanding of honey bee (Apis mellifera) responses to environmental factors, but removal from the hive environment may also impact physiology. To examine whether the laboratory environment alters the honey bee gut bacterial community and immune responses, we compared bacterial community structure (based on amplicon sequence variant relative abundance), total bacterial abundance, and immune enzyme (phenoloxidase and glucose oxidase) activity of cohort honey bee workers kept under laboratory and hive conditions. Workers housed in the laboratory showed differences in the relative abundance of their core gut taxa, an increase in total gut bacterial abundance, and reduced phenoloxidase activity, compared to bees housed in hives.
Subject(s)
Bees , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Animals , Bacteria , Bees/immunology , Bees/microbiology , ImmunityABSTRACT
A series of fourteen 2-aryl-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyrido[3,2-e][1,3]thiazin-4-ones was prepared at room temperature by T3P-mediated cyclization of N-phenyl-C-aryl imines with thionicotinic acid, two difficult substrates. The reactions were operationally simple, did not require specialized equipment or anhydrous solvents, could be performed as either two or three component reactions, and gave moderate-good yields as high as 63%. This provides ready access to N-phenyl compounds in this family, which have been generally difficult to prepare. As part of the study, the first crystal structure of neutral thionicotinic acid is also reported, and showed the molecule to be in the form of the thione tautomer. Additionally, the synthesized compounds were tested against T. brucei, the causative agent of Human African Sleeping Sickness. Screening at 50 µM concentration showed that five of the compounds strongly inhibited growth and killed parasites.
Subject(s)
Thiazines , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/drug effects , Anhydrides/chemistry , Animals , Antiprotozoal Agents/chemical synthesis , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Organophosphonates/chemistry , Thiazines/chemical synthesis , Thiazines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Fetal anomalies such as lower urinary tract obstructions and fluid-filled space-occupying lesions in the fetal chest can result in severe morbidity or mortality if left untreated. In-utero fetal shunt placement offers the potential to improve outcomes in infants with these conditions. The role of the nurse is paramount in the clinical and psychosocial management of the mother and family.
