ABSTRACT
The growing consumer exigency and the lack of gluten-free (GF) bakery products with good technological and nutritional characteristics in the market have increase the need of researching in this area. Few studies have analysed the simultaneous influence of different flour fractions from rice dry milling to formulate GF bread and its effects on rheology and product quality. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical and physical properties of rice milling fractions (flour, coarse, bran); and to evaluate the effect of these fractions on rheology, and quality of GF bread. High fibre content (31.5%) and good hydration and functional properties demonstrated the suitability of bran for food development. A mixture design with three components was used. Pasting parameters, bread specific volume (BSV), firmness and colour intensity (Chr) responses were fitted to linear and quadratic polynomial models. The presence of bran in the blends reduced almost all pasting parameters. The optimal mixture proportion was flour:coarse:bran (45:35:20), presenting a BSV 1.7 ± 0.1 cm3/g; firmness 0.23 ± 0.01 MPa, and Chr 23.8 ± 0.4. A portion (50 g) of GF bread increased four times the dietary fibre intake. The utilization of different rice fractions to formulate GF bread improved the product quality and enhance the nutritional profile.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de cotinina urinaria en embarazadas fumadoras activas y pasivas en centros de salud públicos (CPUB) y privados (CPRI) de Gualeguaychú para conocer su riesgo de exposición y contribuir a mejorar el diseño de las intervenciones en la prevención del hábito tabáquico durante el embarazo. Pacientes y método. Se evaluaron 280 embarazadas. Se analizó la muestra de orina de las fumadoras activas y pasivas para determinar el nivel de cotinina mediante una metodología quimioluminiscente. Resultados. En los CPUB, el 48% manifestó ser fumadoras pasivas y el 25% activas, mientras que en el CPRI fueron el 62% y 6%, respectivamente. La determinación de cotinina en fumadoras pasivas superó el valor de referencia (para no fumadores no expuestos) en el 83% y 42% en los CPUB y CPRI, respectivamente. El 95% de quienes se autodeclararon fumadoras activas presentó un valor de cotinina mayor que 100 ng/ ml, mientras que el 92% de las que manifestaron ser fumadoras pasivas presentaron niveles del indicador menores que 100 ng/ml. Conclusiones. Los resultados demuestran la utilidad de la determinación de cotinina para medir la exposición activa al tabaco y también para obtener datos fidedignos de la exposición involuntaria y su grado. El interés y la preocupación manifestada por las embarazadas indican que la implementación de este tipo de trabajo puede contribuir en las campañas de prevención antitabáquicas (AU)
Objective. To determine the level of urinary cotinine in pregnant women who are active and passive smokes in public health (CPUB) and private health (CPRI) centers of Gualeguaychú to know their risk of exposure and to contribute to the improvement of the design of smoking habit prevention interventions during pregnancy. Patients and methods. A total of 280 pregnant women were evaluated. Urine samples of active and passive smokes were analyzed to determine cotinine level using a chemoluminiscent methodology. Results. In the CPUB, 48% stated they were passive smokers and 25% active ones while in the CPRI 62% and 6% were passive and active smokers, respectively. Determination of cotinine in passive smokes exceeded the reference value (for non-exposed smokers) in 83% and 42% in the CPUB and CPRI, respectively. In 95% of those who stated they were active smokers, the cotinine value was greater than 100 ng/ml while in 92% of those who stated they were passive smokers, the indicator levels were below 100 ng/ml. Conclusions. The results show the utility of determining cotinine to measure active exposure to tobacco and also to obtain reliable data regarding involuntary exposure and its degree. The interest and concern manifested by pregnant women indicate that implementation of this type of work may contribute to the smoking cessation campaigns (AU)
