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1.
Doc Ophthalmol ; 148(1): 3-14, 2024 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38238632

ABSTRACT

The full-field stimulus test (FST) is a psychophysical technique designed for the measurement of visual function in low vision. The method involves the use of a ganzfeld stimulator, as used in routine full-field electroretinography, to deliver full-field flashes of light. This guideline was developed jointly by the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) and Imaging and Perimetry Society (IPS) in order to provide technical information, promote consistency of testing and reporting, and encourage convergence of methods for FST. It is intended to aid practitioners and guide the formulation of FST protocols, with a view to future standardisation.


Subject(s)
Electroretinography , Visual Field Tests , Electroretinography/methods , Societies, Medical , Photic Stimulation/methods , Vision, Ocular
2.
Sci Rep ; 13(1): 17308, 2023 Oct 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37828027

ABSTRACT

Knowledge of aquifer dynamics, including groundwater storage changes, is key to effective groundwater resource and reservoir management. Resolving and accurate modeling of these processes requires knowledge of subsurface poroelastic properties and lateral heterogeneity within units of interest. Computationally demanding methods for determining lateral heterogeneity in poroelastic properties exist but remain difficult to practically employ. The InSAR-based detection of uplift over a New Mexico well with a casing breach provides an opportunity to determine poroelastic properties using a tractable 2D analytical plane strain solution for surface uplift created by a pressurized reservoir with overburden. Using a Bayesian inversion framework, we calculate poroelastic properties under deep (depth of well-screen) and shallow (depth of well-breach) conditions. We find that shallow injection is necessary to produce the observed deformation. However, pressure-varying forward solutions for uplift are required to reproduce the temporal evolution of deformation. For this we use realistic shallow poroelastic properties and well dynamics, which reflect the evolving injection conditions at the well breach as the casing further erodes. Analysis of individual interferograms or InSAR time series may provide insights into shallow subsurface heterogeneity or anomalous injection conditions at operating wells more rapidly than scheduled field inspections.

4.
BJOG ; 127(3): 343-344, 2020 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31724306
5.
Clin Transl Allergy ; 9: 7, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30705747

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Over 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. They cause an enormous burden and are considered as major non-communicable diseases. Many patients are still uncontrolled and the cost of inaction is unacceptable. A meeting was held in Vilnius, Lithuania (March 23, 2018) under the patronage of the Ministry of Health and several scientific societies to propose multisectoral care pathways embedding guided self-management, mHealth and air pollution in selected chronic respiratory diseases (rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma and COPD). The meeting resulted in the Vilnius Declaration that was developed by the participants of the EU Summit on chronic respiratory diseases under the leadership of Euforea. CONCLUSION: The Vilnius Declaration represents an important step for the fight against air pollution in chronic respiratory diseases globally and has a clear strategic relevance with regard to the EU Health Strategy as it will bring added value to the existing public health knowledge.

6.
J Labelled Comp Radiopharm ; 62(1): 4-23, 2019 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29740878

ABSTRACT

Affinity peptide and protein- (APP) based radiotracers are an increasingly popular class of radiotracer in positron emission tomography (PET), which was once dominated by the use of small molecule radiotracers. Radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important examples of APPs, yet a preference for smaller APPs, which exhibit fast pharmacokinetics and permit rapid PET aided diagnosis, has become apparent. 18 F exhibits favourable physical characteristics for APP radiolabelling and has been described as an ideal PET radionuclide. Notwithstanding, 18 F radiolabelling of APP is challenging, and this is echoed in the literature where a number of diverse approaches have been adopted. This review seeks to assess and compare the approaches taken to 18 F APP radiolabelling with the intention of highlighting trends within this expanding field. Generic themes have emerged in the literature, namely the use of mild radiolabelling conditions, a preference of site-specific methodologies with an impetus for short, automated procedures which produce high-yielding [18 F]APPs.


Subject(s)
Fluorine Radioisotopes/chemistry , Peptides/chemistry , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis , Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry , Automation/methods , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic/methods , Humans , Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
7.
Hum Genet ; 138(8-9): 899-915, 2019 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30242500

ABSTRACT

Disorders of the anterior segment of the eye encompass a variety of clinical presentations including aniridia, Axenfeld and Rieger anomalies, primary congenital glaucoma, Peters anomaly, as well as syndromal associations. These conditions have a significant impact on vision due to disruption of the visual axis, and also secondary glaucoma which occurs in over 50% of patients. Ocular anterior segment disorders occur due to a complex interplay of developmental, embryological and genetic factors, and often have phenotypic overlaps and genetic heterogeneity. Here we present a review of the clinical features and genes associated with aniridia, Axenfeld and Rieger anomalies, primary congenital glaucoma, Peters anomaly, and syndromic forms of these conditions. We also highlight phenotype-genotype correlations, recent discoveries with next-generation sequencing which broaden known phenotypes, and new anterior segment genes and pathways. We provide a guide towards genetic diagnosis for clinicians investigating patients with anterior segment dysgenesis.


Subject(s)
Aniridia/genetics , Anterior Eye Segment/abnormalities , Eye Abnormalities/genetics , Eye Diseases, Hereditary/genetics , Glaucoma/genetics , Animals , Genetic Association Studies/methods , Genetic Heterogeneity , Genotype , Humans , Phenotype
8.
J Clin Neurosci ; 50: 262-267, 2018 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29398196

ABSTRACT

Monitoring optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) in Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) patients remains difficult. Other ocular manifestations of NF2 may obscure ophthalmic assessment of optic nerve function in these patients. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to assess the optic nerve is not without limitations, being expensive and often requiring general anaesthetic in children, with associated risks. This study was undertaken to describe the use of multifocal visual evoked potentials (multifocal VEP, mfVEP) in the regular monitoring of NF2 patients with ONSM. This study involved three NF2 patients with ONSM who undertook mfVEP testing at an academic ophthalmic centre. Same day mfVEP and routine ophthalmic testing were undertaken. Topographical function of the optic nerve was assessed, utilising tools such as asymmetry deviation and accumap severity index. Results were assessed alongside MRI and visual acuity (VA). From the three patients, five eyes had ONSMs, of which two caused unilateral blindness. The remaining three affected eyes had initial VAs 6/6, 6/24, and 6/18. Over follow up, ranging from 5 to 12 years, all tumours progressed, and VA declined for all patients. Multifocal VEP detected optic nerve functional loss corresponding with visual decline. This case series suggests mfVEP is effective in the objective topographic monitoring of optic nerve function in NF2 patients with ONSM. Due also to its safety in a paediatric population, the test may be considered in the routine monitoring of these patients, to be used to assist regular ophthalmic review and MRI scans.


Subject(s)
Evoked Potentials, Visual , Meningeal Neoplasms/pathology , Meningioma/pathology , Neurofibromatosis 2/complications , Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnosis , Vision Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/adverse effects , Male , Meningeal Neoplasms/complications , Meningioma/complications , Middle Aged , Optic Nerve Diseases/etiology , Optic Nerve Diseases/pathology , Vision Disorders/etiology , Visual Fields
9.
Clin Genet ; 93(1): 155-159, 2018 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28455998

ABSTRACT

This project expands the disease spectrum for mutations in GJA8 to include total sclerocornea, rudimentary lenses and microphthalmia, in addition to this gene's previously known role in isolated congenital cataracts. Ophthalmic findings revealed bilateral total sclerocornea in 3 probands, with small abnormal lenses in 2 of the cases, and cataracts and microphthalmia in 1 case. Next-generation sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous mutations affecting the same codon of GJA8 : (c.281G>A; p.(Gly94Glu) and c.280G>C; p.(Gly94Arg)) in 2 of the probands, in addition to the c.151G>A; p.(Asp51Asn) mutation we had previously identified in the third case. In silico analysis predicted all of the mutations to be pathogenic. These cases show that deleterious, heterozygous mutations in GJA8 can lead to a severe ocular phenotype of total sclerocornea, abnormal lenses, and/or cataracts with or without microphthalmia, broadening the phenotype associated with this gene. GJA8 should be included when investigating patients with the severe anterior segment abnormality of total sclerocornea.


Subject(s)
Connexins/genetics , Cornea/abnormalities , Corneal Diseases/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Mutation , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Cornea/pathology , Corneal Diseases/pathology , Female , Heterozygote , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Humans , Male , Pedigree , Phenotype , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
10.
J Labelled Comp Radiopharm ; 60(10): 481-488, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28623878

ABSTRACT

Positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence labelling have been used to assess the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and eventual fate of a hydrogel-forming nonapeptide, FEFKFEFKK (F9), in healthy mice, using 18 F-labelled and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled F9 analogues. F9 was site-specifically radiolabelled with 2-[18 F]fluoro-3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde ([18 F]FPCA) via oxime bond formation. [18 F]FPCA-F9 in vivo fate was evaluated both as a solution, following intravenous administration, and as a hydrogel when subcutaneously injected. The behaviour of FITC-F9 hydrogel was assessed following subcutaneous injection. [18 F]FPCA-F9 demonstrated high plasma stability and primarily renal excretion; [18 F]FPCA-F9 when in solution and injected into the bloodstream displayed prompt bladder uptake (53.4 ± 16.6 SUV at 20 minutes postinjection) and rapid renal excretion, whereas [18 F]FPCA-F9 hydrogel, formed by co-assembly of [18 F]FPCA-F9 monomer with unfunctionalised F9 peptide and injected subcutaneously, showed gradual bladder accumulation of hydrogel fragments (3.8 ± 0.4 SUV at 20 minutes postinjection), resulting in slower renal excretion. Gradual disaggregation of the F9 hydrogel from the site of injection was monitored using FITC-F9 hydrogel in healthy mice (60 ± 3 over 96 hours), indicating a biological half-life between 1 and 4 days. The in vivo characterisation of F9, both as a gel and a solution, highlights its potential as a biomaterial.


Subject(s)
Fluorine Radioisotopes/therapeutic use , Hydrogels/chemistry , Oligopeptides/chemistry , Oligopeptides/therapeutic use , Positron-Emission Tomography , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Drug Stability , Half-Life , Mice , Oligopeptides/metabolism , Oligopeptides/pharmacokinetics , Protein Conformation, beta-Strand , Tissue Distribution
11.
Appl Radiat Isot ; 116: 120-7, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27518217

ABSTRACT

2-[(18)F]-Fluoro-3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde ([(18)F]FPCA) is a novel, water-soluble prosthetic group. It's radiochemistry has been developed and fully-automated for application in chemoselective radiolabelling of amino(oxy)-derivatised RI-OR2-TAT peptide, (Aoa-k)-RI-OR2-TAT, using a GE TRACERlab FX-FN. RI-OR2-TAT is a brain-penetrant, retro-inverso peptide that binds to amyloid species associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Radiolabelled (Aoa-k)-RI-OR2-TAT was reproducibly synthesised and the product of the reaction with FPCA has been fully characterised. In-vivo biodistribution of [(18)F]RI-OR2-TAT has been measured in Wistar rats.


Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Fluorine Radioisotopes/chemistry , Fluorine Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis , Animals , Isotope Labeling/methods , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Organ Specificity , Protein Binding , Pyridines/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Robotics/methods , Tissue Distribution
12.
Eye (Lond) ; 30(9): 1195-8, 2016 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27419841

ABSTRACT

PurposeTo present longer-term refractive and ocular health outcomes for patients who had primary intraocular lens (IOL) insertion following infant cataract surgery.Patients and methodsA retrospective review of all infant cataract cases at a tertiary children's hospital between 2003 and 2006 was conducted. Surgery was performed before 12 months of age. IOL power was calculated using the SRK/T formula targeting hyperopia based on the child's age; children under 3 months were targeted at +9.0 D, between 3 and 6 months at +6.0 D, and between 6 and 12 months at +3.0 D. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing and mixed models were used.ResultsA total of 12 eyes from 9 children were included (4 bilateral and 5 unilateral). Spherical equivalent refraction decreased dramatically in the first 2 years of life, with milder changes from age 2 to 4 years and minimal changes thereafter. Cylinder increased until age 5 years at ∼0.57 dioptres/year (95% confidence intervals 0.27-0.87 D, P<0.001). Lens reproliferation was the commonest complication (58%). All children eventually developed strabismus.ConclusionEarly and frequent refraction is critical in the first 2 years of life to try and compensate for the rapid changes encountered in the growing eye. Astigmatism may be another important consequence to manage.


Subject(s)
Astigmatism/physiopathology , Cataract Extraction , Lens Implantation, Intraocular , Pseudophakia/physiopathology , Refraction, Ocular/physiology , Cataract/congenital , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Male , Retrospective Studies , Strabismus/physiopathology
13.
Doc Ophthalmol ; 133(2): 139-143, 2016 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27424008

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: We present a case of enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS)-associated choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) treated successfully with intravitreal bevacizumab therapy. METHODS/CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old with a known retinal dystrophy presented with acute visual deterioration. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated CNV, and treatment was initiated with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent, with significant improvement in vision. Subsequent electroretinogram examination of the patient and her younger sister showed severely reduced rod responses with accentuated fast cone (S-cone only) response, confirming the diagnosis of ESCS as the underlying dystrophy. CONCLUSION: CNV is a rare complication of ESCS that is responsive to anti-VEGF therapy. Although cystic retinal lesions may develop in patients with retinal dystrophies due to multiple possible aetiologies, CNV is a known cause of macula oedema in these patients that requires treatment with different agents, namely anti-VEGF therapy. Rapid visual loss in patients with inherited retinal disorders should prompt immediate clinical assessment to exclude CNV, and if CNV is detected, anti-VEGF therapy can preserve vision.


Subject(s)
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Bevacizumab/therapeutic use , Choroidal Neovascularization/drug therapy , Eye Diseases, Hereditary/complications , Retinal Degeneration/complications , Vision Disorders/complications , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors , Visual Acuity
14.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr ; 56(16): 2767-76, 2016 Dec 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25875654

ABSTRACT

Saffron (Crocus savitus) is a Middle-Eastern herb with strong antioxidant properties. Its major constituents, safranal, crocin, and crocetin, are also antioxidants and bear structural similarities to other well-known natural antixodant substances, such as zeaxanthin. Given the role of oxidative stress in many diseases, considerable interest has been shown into the potential role of saffron supplementation as a treatment for a range of diseases. In vitro and animal studies have provided evidence that saffron and its constituents may be potent therapies for a range of pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cardiac ischemia. Whether these findings translate into clinical efficacy, however, has as of yet been incompletely assessed. This makes assessing the role of saffron supplementation in these diseases difficult. Here, we review the current human clinical evidence supporting saffron supplementation as a treatment for a range of pathologies and the underlying science supporting its use.


Subject(s)
Crocus/chemistry , Phytotherapy , Plant Preparations/pharmacology , Affect/drug effects , Animals , Antioxidants/analysis , Cardiovascular System/drug effects , Carotenoids/analysis , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cognition/drug effects , Cyclohexenes/analysis , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Reproduction/drug effects , Terpenes/analysis , Vision, Ocular/drug effects , Vitamin A/analogs & derivatives , Zeaxanthins/analysis
15.
Clin Exp Allergy ; 45(3): 624-31, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25411998

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Airway dendritic cells (DC) are critical mediators of lung inflammation in asthma, but the characteristics of DC in the airways of healthy children, and children with asthma, are currently unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify changes in DC subset distribution and activation profile in paediatric asthma using flow cytometry to analyse induced sputum samples obtained from healthy and asthmatic children. METHODS: Lung function and atopic status were determined by spirometry and skin prick testing. Induced sputum samples were analysed using 7-colour flow cytometry to identify airway DC populations (lineage(-) HLA-DR(+) sputum cells expressing either CD11c as conventional DC or CD123 as plasmacytoid DC). RESULTS: Sputum samples containing lower airway plugs were obtained from 10 healthy children and 8 children with asthma. Lineage(-) HLA-DR(+) DC were successfully identified in all samples, and DC comprised a significantly higher proportion of sputum cells in children with asthma compared with age-matched healthy controls (1.29% vs. 0.67%, P = 0.02). DC expression of the costimulatory marker CD86 was significantly reduced in asthmatic children (73.4% vs. 59.7%, P = 0.04). Sputum DC also included numerous CD1c(+) cells (mean 57% of the total DC population) and low frequencies of cells expressing the subset markers CD141 or CD123, although the proportions of these did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Airway DC can be identified and characterized non-invasively using flow cytometry to analyse paediatric sputum samples. Our data reveal that children with steroid-treated asthma exhibit increased frequency of airway DC with reduced expression of the costimulatory marker CD86, suggesting altered trafficking and/or maturation of these cells either due to asthma or steroid therapies.


Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Administration, Inhalation , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/metabolism , B7-2 Antigen/metabolism , CD11c Antigen/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Child , Dendritic Cells/metabolism , Eosinophilia/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Leukocyte Count , Male , Phenotype , Sputum/cytology , Sputum/immunology , Steroids/administration & dosage , Steroids/therapeutic use
16.
Eye (Lond) ; 27(10): 1151-7, 2013 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23867718

ABSTRACT

AIM: The Virtual Ophthalmology Clinic (VOC) is an interactive web-based teaching module, with special emphasis on history taking and clinical reasoning skills. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of VOC on medical students' learning. METHODS: A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with medical students from the University of Sydney (n=188) who were randomly assigned into either an experimental (n=93) or a control group (n=95). A pre- and post-test and student satisfaction questionnaire were administered. Twelve months later a follow-up test was conducted to determine the long-term retention rate of graduates. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant (P<0.001) within-subject improvement pre- to post rotation in the number of correctly answered questions for both the control and experimental groups (mean improvement for control 10%, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, and for experimental 17.5%, 95% CI 3.0-4.0). The improvement was significantly greater in the experimental group (mean difference in improvement between groups 7.5%, 95% CI 0.8-2.3, P<0.001). At 12 months follow-up testing, the experimental group scored on average 1.6 (8%) (95%CI 0.4 to 2.7, P=0.007) higher than the controls. CONCLUSION: On the basis of a statistically significant improvement in academic performance and highly positive student feedback, the implementation of VOC may provide a means to address challenges to ophthalmic learning outcomes in an already crowded medical curriculum.


Subject(s)
Computer-Assisted Instruction/methods , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods , Ophthalmology/education , Adult , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/standards , Educational Measurement , Female , Humans , Internet , Male , New South Wales , Students, Medical , Surveys and Questionnaires , Teaching/methods , Young Adult
17.
Clin Genet ; 83(2): 162-8, 2013 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22283518

ABSTRACT

Fraser syndrome (FS) and microphthalmia syndromic 9 (MCOPS9) are autosomal recessive conditions with distinct, and some overlapping features affecting the ocular, respiratory and cardiac systems. Mutations in FRAS1 and FREM2 occur in FS, and mutations in STRA6 occur in MCOPS9. We report two sibships, in the same family, where four deceased offspring had ocular, respiratory and cardiac abnormalities. Two sibs with microphthalmia had syndactyly and laryngeal stenosis, suggesting a clinical diagnosis of FS. Our results indicate that they were compound heterozygotes for novel FRAS1 mutations, p.Cys729Phe and p.Leu3813Pro. The other two sibs, first cousins to the first sib pair, had anophthalmia, lung hypoplasia and cardiac anomalies, suggesting a retrospective diagnosis of MCOPS9. Our results indicate compound heterozygous STRA6 mutations, a novel frameshift leading to p.Tyr18* and a p.Thr644Met mutation. The one surviving individual from these sibships is heterozygous for the p.Tyr18*STRA6 mutation and has bilateral ocular colobomata and microphthalmia. This work emphasises the need for careful phenotypic characterisation to determine genes for assessment in ocular syndromic conditions. It also indicates that heterozygous STRA6 mutations may rarely contribute to microphthalmia and coloboma.


Subject(s)
Coloboma/genetics , Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics , Fraser Syndrome/genetics , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Microphthalmos/genetics , Mutation , Adult , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Fraser Syndrome/pathology , Humans , Infant , Male , Microphthalmos/pathology
19.
Clin Exp Allergy ; 41(8): 1072-5, 2011 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21672054

ABSTRACT

There is now convincing evidence that air pollution, especially the particulate matter (PM) fraction, adversely affects children's health. In general, the health effects of traffic-derived PM are well described in children living in high-income countries. Conversely, studies into the health effects of PM from biomass and solid fuels are limited to children in lower-income countries. As PM from different combustion sources have components in common (e.g. elemental black carbon) - are we able to extrapolate from the research performed in different countries under different exposure conditions? Using lung function growth and vulnerability to infection as examples of health effects of global significance to children, this review addresses the question whether high-income-country research into air pollution can inform effects of pollution in low-income countries and vice versa.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution/adverse effects , Child Welfare , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Animals , Biomass , Child , Humans
20.
Eur Respir J ; 34(3): 531-51, 2009 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19720806

ABSTRACT

Detailed literature searches were carried out in seven respiratory disease areas. Therapeutic evidence for efficacy of medicinal products was assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, as well as an assessment of safety and side-effects. Systemic corticosteroids may reduce the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia but have serious side-effects. Antioxidants need further study to demonstrate whether they have long-term benefits. Treatments for acute bronchiolitis have shown little benefit but new antiviral and monoclonal antibodies need further assessment. Well-constructed studies are needed to confirm the value of inhaled corticosteroids and/or montelukast in the management of viral-induced wheeze. Corticosteroids are the treatment of choice in croup. Minimal or no information is available for the treatment of congenital lung abnormalities, bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial lung disease.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases/drug therapy , Respiratory System Agents/therapeutic use , Age Factors , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Premature , Infant, Premature, Diseases , Lung Diseases/etiology , Lung Diseases/pathology
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