[REARRANGEMENT OF THE LYMPH TISSUE IN THE MICE SPLEEN AND JEJUNUM WALL DURING THE GROUND-BASED REPRODUCTION OF THE CONDITIONS OF ANIMAL MAINTENANCE IN THE BIOSATTELITE BION-M1 MISSION].

Purpose of the investigation was microscopic examination of changes in cyto architectonics of the spleen and jejunum lymph (immune) tissue in 19-20-week C57BL/6N male mice exposed to some conditions their counterparts had lived in during the 30-d Bion-M1 mission (ground experiment). Local deviations in reactions of the morphofunctional zones of these organs were found. In the spleen, reaction in the centers of lymph nodules generation or the B-lymphocytes maturation zone grows strong. Changes in the cell composition of periarterial lymph sheaths that constitute the morphological site of T-lymphocytes accumulation suggest inhibition of its functional activity. Cell composition of the jejunum wall structure implies a decline of the jejunal immune activity. Our investigation of the organs taken from the ground control mice maintained in the flight BIOS-MLZh module evidences that unceasing noise, hypokinesia, isolation, and paste-like feed weaken general immunity of laboratory animals.

[Age-related peculiarities of mast cell distribution in human esophagus wall].

Mast cells (MCs) were studied quantitatively and qualitatively in the wall of the esophagus (upper, middle and lower portions) of the individuals in the I period of mature age (22-35 years, n = 6) as well as in old and senile persons (61-82 years, n = 10). In all the individuals, the total number of MCs was found to increase from the upper portion of the esophagus towards the lower one. Within the esophageal wall, the total number of MCs decreased in the direction from tunica mucosa towards adventitia. During I period of mature age, the resting MCs filled with granules predominated, while the degranulating MCs were located in the lower esophageal segment. In the individuals of old and senile age, the degranulating MCs were more frequently observed in the upper and lower esophageal segments.

[Esophageal wall structure in people of elderly and senile age].

Using histological methods, the esophageal wall structure and the cytoarchitectonics of mucous membrane were studied in the individuals of elderly (n = 5) and senile (n = 10) age. The control group included the individuals of I (n = 3) and II (n = 3) periods of mature age. It was demonstrated that with advancing age in most cases the destructive processes took place in the epithelium (delamination of the layer, separation of large fragments, formation of microerosions etc.) in most of the studied cases. Lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils were found between the epithelial cells; the numbers of infiltrating cells was increased 2-3 times during aging. Mucosal lamina propria and the submucosa, in particular, were characterized by the thickening of the bundles of collagen fibers. A two-fold increase in the number of the cells of the fibroblast lineage was found. The number of leukocytes in the lamina propria was increased by the eldery age in the upper and lower parts of the esophagus (3.5 and 1.75 times respectively). The changes in lamina muscularis were manifested by its thinning, delamination and myocyte dissociation. Remodeling of the muscular tunic was less pronounced. The degree of changes increased distally and varied widely depending on the individual peculiarities.

[Morphological peculiarities of interrelations of lymphoid nodules, lymphatic capillaries and lymphocyte migration in the wall of intestine and trachea].

The objective of this study was to identify the peculiarities of lymphocyte migration in lymphoid nodules of the mucous membrane of the caecum and the trachea in autopsy material, obtained from 25 healthy individuals of various ages (from the newborns to the persons of 1st mature age). Also, the tendinous center of diaphragm was studied in 10 healthy rabbits. Using histological methods, the presence of two functionally different types of lymphatic capillaries in the wall of the caecum was demonstrated. The first group includes numerous lymphatic capillaries located around the base of the lymphoid nodules. A large number of lymphocytes in portions enter the lumen of the capillaries, in accordance with the intestinal wall contractions. The second group includes the rest of the lymphatic capillaries, draining the intestinal wall and the capillaries of the trachea, resorbing mainly the interstitial fluid. The migration of lymphocytes from the lymphoid nodules of the trachea was directed, mainly, towards the surrounding tissues. Using the lymphatic capillaries of the diaphragm as a model, it was demonstrated that during the migration of the cells through the endothelium, argyrophilic structures - the stigmata, were formed which disappeared after the passage of the cells.

[Morpho functional state of the peripheral organs of the immune system in rats after the hypokinesia and in the period of rehabilitation].

Using the quantitative methods, the remodeling of the cytoarchitectonics of the morpho-functional zones in the grouped lymphoid nodules (GLN) or Peyer's patches and in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were studied in 30 rats after 30-day-long exposure to hypokinesia and during the period of rehabilitation (30 days after hypokinesia discontinuation). It was found that following the hypokinesia the germinal centers in lymphoid nodules in GLN retained the lymphocytopoiesis, while in the internodular zone the proportion of immature cells was increased and plasma cells appeared. In the similar structural zones of MLN, the complete suppression of lymphocytopoiesis and T-cell maturation was noted. During the rehabilitation period, the cytoarchitectonic indexes recovery was more pronounced in GLN than in MLN. However, the quantitative parameters of their cellular composition did not reach the values found in the group of intact of animals.

[Splenic lymphoid structures reorganization in gerbils after space flight].

To assess the effects of weightlessness on the organism of mammals, splenic lymphoid tissue was studied in 10 intact Mongolian gerbils and in 10 animals after a 12-days-long spaceflight. In experimental animals the body mass and splenic, thymic and adrenal mass indexes were sharply reduced. In the spleen, the red pulp area was significantly increased, there appeared the areas of fibrous tissue proliferation, and extensive hemorrhage. Lymphoid nodules with germinal centers disappeared, while periarterial lymphoid sheaths were depleted. Quantitative analysis of cellular content of the lymphoid structures of the spleen showed dramatic activation of cell destruction, lymphocytopoiesis suppression with the disappearance of mitotically dividing cells and a decrease in the number of blast cells. The absence of plasma cells indicates the suppression of the processes of the immunocytopoiesis. The complex of changes noted suggests the decrease of immunological barrier of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and in the whole organism, in gerbils under the conditions of weightlessness in the spaceflight.

[Morphological peculiarities of mesenteric lymph nodes in hypokinesia modeling].

Using histological methods, qualitative and quantitative changes in cell composition were studied in mesenteric lymph nodes in 20 male Wistar rats after experimental 30 days-long hypokinesia, and in 10 rats 1 month following the cessation of mobility restriction. Hypokinesia was found to result in massive destruction of lymphoid cells in the structural organ zones, suppression of lymphocytopoiesis, reduction in plasma cell and macrophage numbers, indicating the dampening of the immune reactions, however the full restoration of the cytoarchitectonics in the structural zones of lymph nodes did not take part 30 days following the cessation of hypokinesia.

[Cellular composition of the lamina propria mucous membrane in different segments of ureter in the newborns and children of first years of life].

Cellular composition of the lymphoid tissue in the superior and inferior segments of ureteral mucous membrane was studied using quantitative method in newborns, infants and children of the first years of life on autopsy material (n=12). It was found that during the first years of life lymphoid tissue was poorly developed in the lamina propria of the ureteral mucous membrane and it was represented by diffuse lymphoid tissue. Processes of lymphocytopoiesis were not expressed, while high degree of cell destruction was observed that was increased with age. The content of plasma cells was increased by the early period of infancy, indicating the activation of local humoral immunity. Regional peculiarities included higher content of plasma cells, granulocytes and lower concentration of destroyed cells in the superior ureteral segment as compared with the inferior one. These peculiarities were preserved during all childhood ages.

[The influence of the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and oxygen (18O) isotope on development of radiation injuries at gamma-radiation in low dose].

The investigations of the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and of oxygen (18O) isotope received by the method of rectification were conducted on development of radiation injuries in organisms of the experimental animals. The objects of the investigation were male mice of Balb/c line. The animals were irradiated at the unit PX-gamma-30 with the gamma-radiation source 60Co in the dose of 25 sGy. It was observed that the water with decreased content of heavy stable hydrogen and of oxygen (18O) isotope influences positively the processes of restoration. It was manifested in decrease of the degree of gravity of radiation injuries in immune system organs (thymus and spleen), peripheral blood and marrow cells.

[Structural and functional organisation of the spleen lymphoid tissue after exposure to hypergravitation]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia organizatsiia limfoidnoi tkani selezenki posle vozdeistviia gipergravitatsii.

Using the stereologic methods and quantitative analysis of the cells of lymphoid series in the splenic white pulp of Wistar rats, the changes were studied after continuous 5-day-long exposure to hypergravitation of 2 G. The injurious effect of hypergravitation was manifested in the reduction of the dimensions of periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) and of lymphoid nodules, marginal zone dilatation and the disappearance of lymphoid nodules with germinal centers. Changes in the cell population of the white pulp are indicative of the suppression of blast-transformation and cell reproductive activity (as demonstrated by the disappearance of blast cells and the mitotic cells) and the reduction of lymphocytopoiesis in the organ lymphoid tissue. The proportion of immature plasma cells is increased. The changes demonstrated are more pronounced in PALS than in lymphoid nodules. The significant cellular reorganization of the marginal zones is the reflection of compensatory processes, which develop in response to the injurious effect of hypergravitation on the lymphoid tissue of the spleen.

[Lymphoid structures of human duodenum in adolescent and juvenile age]. / Limfoidnye struktury dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki cheloveka v podrostkovom i iunosheskom vozraste.

Using morphometric methods, the microtopography and quantitative proportions of lymphoid cells in structural components of lymphoid tissue were studied in the duodenal wall of the persons of adolescent and juvenile age. In adolescence, in contrast to juvenile age, the intestinal wall was found to contain all the morphological structures, characteristic to functional activity of lymphoid tissue (lymph nodules with and without the germinal centers). In adolescence numerous cells in mitosis and immature cells were found in intestinal lymphoid structures, while no mitotic figures were detected in the similar structures in juvenile age. Duodenal lamina propria contained more antigen-producing plasma cells in adolescence than in youth. This complex of cell correlations is indicative of enhanced local immune response in adolescence and may be explained by an age-dependent active neuro-hormonal body reconstruction.

[Lymphoid structure in the mouse cecum wall during immunosuppression and its correction with liposomal agents]. / Limfoidnye struktury v stenke slepoi kishki myshei v usloviiakh immunnoi depressii i ee korrektsii liposomal'nymi sredstvami.

The influence of liposomal preparation obtained from the Baikal seal fat on lymphoid structures in mouse coecum wall on the background of immunodepressive state induced by asathioprine was studied using microscopic methods and statistic analysis. It was demonstrated that asaphioprine administration caused decline in lymphoid serie cells, outgrowth of adipose tissue, causes destructive changes of lymphoid structures in the coecal wall. After the effect of liposomes on the background on the immune suppression morphological state of lymphoid structures was approximated to the normal state while the indexes of cellular composition returned to the level of control values which was conditioned by immunocorrecting properties of the drug studied.

[Mesenteric lymph nodes of newborn from mothers with kidney diseases]. / Bryzheechnye limfaticheskie uzly novorozhdennylh detei ot materei s zabolevaniiami pochek.

Microtopography and cellular content of mesenteric lymph nodes were studied in children who were born from healthy mothers (group 1) and from mothers with nephropathy (group II) and chronic pyelonephritis (group III). Lymph nodes of newborns from mothers with chronic pyelonephritis develop much slower than in control children and that from mothers with nephropathy. Lymph nodes in group II children resemble those of control group in their structure but its cellular content does not correspond control values. Morphological immaturity of lymph nodes of children from mothers with pyelonephritis allows to relate them to risk group that acquire significant immunomodulating correction.

[The thymus of mice at different periods after irradiation with fast carbon ions]. / Sostoianie timusa myshei v razlichnye sroki posle oblucheniia uskorennymi ionami ugleroda.

Irradiation of mice with energy-fast carbon ions 4.0 in dose impairs histological structure of thymus on the first day after the challenge. Non differentiated cell forms (blasts and large lymphocytes) and middle lymphocytes were most sensitive to the irradiation. As a result mitotic activity decrease was noted. Reparative process in thymus begins on d 22 after irradiation with carbon ions when stem cells obviously accumulate. At the same time mitotic activity intensifies. Although at distant terms T cells differentiation and formation are inhibited which is reflected in significantly reduced number small lymphocytes in thymus cortex and medulla on d 60 of postirradiation period as compared to that in control.

[Morphological characteristics of the lymphoid tissues in the newborn children]. / Morfologicheskie osobennosti limfoidnykh struktur u novorozhdennykh detei.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis and statistical processing of thymus, trachea, duodenum ileum, coecum and appendix in newborns demonstrated that by the moment of birth peripheral immunogenesis organs were not equally formed due to peculiarities of their function in postnatal ontogenesis. Lymphoid nodules were absent in tracheal mucosa and adjacent lymph nodes showed loss of lymphoid noules aswell. However intensive formation of lymphoid structures took place in the walls of the gut, especially large intestine. The appendix, lymphoid tissue of which was not, in fact, developed at all, made an exception.

[Inguinal lymph nodes of Rhesus macaque in hypokinesia and combined action of hypokinesia and hypergravity]. / Pakhovye limfaticheskie uzly makakov rezusov pri gipokinezii i sochetannom vozdeistvii gipokinezii i gipergravitatsii.

Peculiarities of microanatomy and cytoarchitecture of inguinal lymph nodes were studied under the effect of hypokinezia and combined effect of hypokinezia and hypergravitation experimentally in mature macaque rhesus monkeys for the first time. The data obtained indicate that on the background of intensive impairing effect of hypokinezia combined action was not only neutralized but the effect of hypokinezia also intensifies immunological action of lymph nodes of monkeys. This was supported by morphological signs and changes in correlation between lymphoid cells: number growth of lymphoid nodules with widened germinal centres and high fraction of mitotically dividing cells, the presence of dense thymus dependent (paracortical) zone and more dense medullar bands, filled basically with small lymphocytes and lowered level of destructive processes in all structural components of lymph nodes.

[Response of immune system and lymphoid tissue of respiratory and gastrointestinal organs to space flight factors]. / Reaktsiia immunnoi sistemy i limfoidnoi tkani organov dykhaniia i pishchevareniia na deistviia faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

The studies demonstrated that gamma-radiation drastically enhanced destructive processes and suppressed the mitotic activity of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen. This resulted in the altered morphological picture of immune organs: the inversion of layers occurred in the thymus, the splenic white pulp increased by three times, lymphoid nodules with germinating centers disappeared, the marginal area became thinner. Following gamma-radiation, restorative processes in the thymus and spleen were noticeable just on day 3 and 7, respectively. However, the cell composition of murine immune organs failed to achieve control values by day 60 after exposure. Examining the responses of respiratory and digestive lymphoid tissue to acetaldehyde and drinking water organisms indicated that as the concentration of an acting agent and the time of exposure increased, there was lymphocytopoietic inhibition in the lymphoid formations whereas its small doses activated a local immune response.

[Lymphoid tissue of mice spleen in the delayed periods following a single gamma-irradiation]. / Limfoidnaia tkan' selezenki myshei v otdalennye sroki posle odnokratnogo gamma-oblucheniia.

Morphofunctional state and recombination of cell composition of the spleen structural components were studied in mice Balb/c at delayed (post-irradiation days 21, 30, and 58) periods following a single gamma-irradiation by 6.9 Gy. At none of these time points did the lymphoid structural components of the spleen complete their morphological and cytological recovery. Morphological disturbances included poor development of germinative centers and marginal zones in lymphadens and periarterial lymphoid heads (PALH). Recovery of lymphoid cell population did not go on same pattern. Thus, by day 58 of recovery, in PALH small lymphocytes regained basal level but rose concentration to 79% in the lymphadens without germinative centers and to 60% in the lymphoden mantle and red pulp. Elevation of mitotic and cell differentiation activities was not equal. Destructive processes approached normal values in PALH and red pulp and remained by 85% beyond basal values in lymphodens. Mature/immature plasmatic cells ratio was modified. Moreover, plasmocytes (mature cells) that are responsible for humoral immunity, localized in unordinary sites, i.e. in PALH and lymphodens without germinative centers. Adaptive changes observed in the red pulp at delayed time-points after irradiation were manifested by development of myelopoiesis focuses with high concentrations of young forms of neutrophils and megakaryocytes.

[Reaction of different cell populations in mouse thymus to a single gamma-irradiation]. / Reaktsiia razlichnykh kletochnykh populiatsii v timuse myshei na odnokratnoe gamma-obluchenie.

Cytoarchitectonics of the functional zones of thymus was studied with the morphometric technique. Reactions of different cell populations to a single gamma-irradiation at a dose of 6.9 Gy were demonstrated. Acute reaction in thymus showed up already on the first day following exposure. Reparation began three days later and proceeded in two stages one of which (day 7) was accomplished by survived cells and the other (day 21), owing to the influx of precursors from recovered bone marrow. It was found that thymic substantia medullaris was less compromised by radiation as compared with cortex. This was due to the presence of more resistant lymphoid cells and activation of lymphocytopoiesis proper. It was also established that in the post-irradiation period (days 1 through to 58) cytoarchitectonics of the thymic functional zones has failed to complete recovery. Moreover, a second thymus depletion was observed on day 58.

[Lymphoid tissue in the wall of adult human gallbladder]. / Limfoidnaia tkan' v stenke zhelchnogo puzyria vzroslogo cheloveka.

Lymphoid structures of mucosa and muscular coat from the gall bladder cervix, body and fornix were examined in histological preparations using morphometry and methods of variation statistics. Lymphocyte concentration in the organ walls grows proportionally to age. In the first period of maturity lymphoid nodules are absent in mucosal lamina propria while lymphoid nodules are rarely encountered among the cells of the fibroblastic series. Connective tissue layers of muscular coat are predominant sites of lymphoid aggregations. Senescence is characterised by the appearance of lymphoid nodules in the gall bladder mucosa. Cell concentration, structure and composition per unit area depend on nodule localization and the age of the individual.