ABSTRACT
A high-throughput screen against human DGAT-1 led to the identification of a core structure that was subsequently optimized to afford the potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compound 14. Oral administration at doses ≥0.03 mg/kg significantly reduced postprandial triglycerides in mice following an oral lipid challenge. Further assessment in both acute and chronic safety pharmacology and toxicology studies demonstrated a clean profile up to high plasma levels, thus culminating in the nomination of 14 as clinical candidate ABT-046.
Subject(s)
Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Caco-2 Cells , Databases, Factual , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/chemistry , Dogs , Female , Ferrets , Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects , HeLa Cells , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/blood , Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Postprandial Period , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triglycerides/blood , Vomiting/chemically inducedABSTRACT
With the advent of the recent determination of high-resolution crystal structures of bovine rhodopsin and human beta2 adrenergic receptor (beta2AR), there are still many structure-function relationships to be learned from other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Many of the pharmaceutically interesting GPCRs cannot be modeled because of their amino acid sequence divergence from bovine rhodopsin and beta2AR. Structure determination of GPCRs can provide new avenues for engineering drugs with greater potency and higher specificity. Several obstacles need to be overcome before membrane protein structural biology becomes routine: over-expression, solubilization, and purification of milligram quantities of active and stable GPCRs. Coordinated iterative efforts are required to generate any significant GPCR over-expression. To formulate guidelines for GPCR purification efforts, we review published conditions for solubilization and purification using detergents and additives. A discussion of sample preparation of GPCRs in detergent phase, bicelles, nanodiscs, or low-density lipoproteins is presented in the context of potential structural biology applications. In addition, a review of the solubilization and purification of successfully crystallized bovine rhodopsin and beta2AR highlights tools that can be used for other GPCRs.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/isolation & purification , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Animals , Biology , Humans , Micelles , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics , SolubilityABSTRACT
A highly potent and selective DGAT-1 inhibitor was identified and used in rodent models of obesity and postprandial chylomicron excursion to validate DGAT-1 inhibition as a novel approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Specifically, compound 4a conferred weight loss and a reduction in liver triglycerides when dosed chronically in DIO mice and depleted serum triglycerides following a lipid challenge in a dose-dependent manner, thus, reproducing major phenotypical characteristics of DGAT-1(-/-) mice.
Subject(s)
Anti-Obesity Agents/chemical synthesis , Cycloheptanes/chemical synthesis , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Hypolipidemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Keto Acids/chemical synthesis , Urea/analogs & derivatives , Urea/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology , Biphenyl Compounds/chemical synthesis , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology , Cycloheptanes/pharmacokinetics , Cycloheptanes/pharmacology , Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase/genetics , Eating/drug effects , Humans , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/genetics , Keto Acids/pharmacokinetics , Keto Acids/pharmacology , Liver/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Mutant Strains , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triglycerides/metabolism , Urea/pharmacokinetics , Urea/pharmacology , Weight LossABSTRACT
The glucagon receptor was cloned from cynolomologous monkey. A frame-shift mutation at the 3' end of the monkey transcript results in a C-terminal extension of 14 amino acids. This extension is not observed in either the human or rodent glucagon receptors. Monkey glucagon receptor was expressed in CHO cells, either with (mkGCGR) or without (mkGCGRDelta14) the 14-amino acid C-terminal extension to approximate the human receptor. Both forms of the monkey receptor bound glucagon with similar affinity and showed glucagon-stimulated cAMP production, however the full-length form of the monkey receptor (mkGCGR) was less sensitive to glucagon in its ability to stimulate cAMP than the shortened form (mkGCGRDelta14). PCR of genomic DNA from baboon and rhesus monkeys suggests that they express a form of the receptor similar to that of cynomologous monkey, while in chimpanzee, the receptor is similar to the human form.
Subject(s)
Haplorhini/genetics , Receptors, Glucagon/genetics , Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism , Animals , Base Sequence , CHO Cells , Cloning, Molecular , Cricetinae , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Glucagon/metabolism , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA/genetics , Receptors, Glucagon/chemistry , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Nucleic AcidABSTRACT
Biaryl amides derived from a reported series of ureas 1 were evaluated and found to be potent human glucagon receptor antagonists. The benzofuran analogue 6i was administered in Sprague-Dawley rats and blocked the effects of an exogenous glucagon challenge.
Subject(s)
Amides/pharmacology , Receptors, Glucagon/antagonists & inhibitors , Amides/chemistry , Animals , Haplorhini , Humans , Mice , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
As the incidence of Type II diabetes (T2DM) will increase to 200 million cases worldwide by 2010, the search for new, effective agentsfor its treatment has been pushed into overdrive. According to Unger's bihormonal hypothesis, elevated levels of circulating glucagon in T2DM patients results in increased rates of hepatic glucose synthesis and glycogen metabolism, translating to excessive plasma glucose levels. In this context, considerable efforts have been made to identify glucagon antagonists for the treatment of T2DM. This review reflects research in this area from 1999 to 2002.
