[Secondary hyperkalaemic acute flaccid tetraplegia]. / Tétraplégie flasque aiguë secondaire à une hyperkaliémie.

A 57-year-old man with chronic renal failure and multiple vascular diseases presented an acute flaccid tetraplegia. Blood tests revealed renal failure with serum potassium of 9.69 mmol/l. The medullar and brain MRI were normal. The correction of the hyperkalaemia led to a fast and complete neurological recovery. This fact confirmed the diagnosis of secondary hyperkalaemic tetraplegia.

Effects of acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning on muscular function and postoperative pain after orthopaedic surgery using a pneumatic tourniquet.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The use of a pneumatic tourniquet can induce muscular and neurological complications in the operated limb. The genesis of these injuries could involve an ischaemia/reperfusion phenomenon and a compression under the cuff. We evaluated effects of an antioxidant, acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning on the rhabdomyolysis and postoperative pain following a knee ligamentoplasty using a pneumatic tourniquet. METHODS: We included 31 patients scheduled for a knee ligamentoplasty randomly assigned in three groups (control, acetylcysteine 1200 mg the day before and 600 mg at the operative day, ischaemic preconditioning). RESULTS: There was a moderate rise in myoglobin and creatinine phosphokinase with no significant difference between the three groups. The muscular functional parameters were similar in all the groups. However, the morphine consumption within the first 48 h was smaller in the treatment groups (0.22 +/- 0.31 mg kg-1 and 0.22 +/- 0.23 mg kg-1 in the preconditioning and antioxidant groups, respectively) than in the control group (0.47 +/- 0.33 mg kg-1, P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acetylcysteine and ischaemic preconditioning do not decrease the extent of rhabdomyolysis related to the use of a pneumatic tourniquet and do not improve the postoperative muscle recovery. On the other hand, they allow a significant reduction in the postoperative morphine consumption.

[Pasteurella multocida meningo-encephalitis with aphasia in a young adult]. / Méningoencéphalite à Pasteurella multocida avec aphasie chez une adulte jeune.

We report the first case of Pasteurella multocida meningo-encephalitis with aphasia in a 28 year-old-patient. The investigations confirmed the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. But the delay in identification of the organism involved iterative changes of antibiotherapy. The evolution was finally favourable with appropriate antibiotic treatment. The epidemiologic investigation highlighted the responsibility of a patient's cat carrying the same bacterial strain. Finally we discuss the epidemiologic, clinical and therapeutic features of this unusual meningitis.

[Face necrotizing fasciitis following spinocellular epithelioma excision]. / Fasciite nécrosante de la face après exérèse d'un épithélioma spinocellulaire.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a bacterial dermo-hypodermitis with superficial aponevrosis necrosis due to Streptococcus pyogenes. Head and neck region are some rare localization of this infection especially after surgery. We report herein a case of a face necrotizing fasciitis following minor face surgery. A 86 year-old Caucasian male without any antecedents, nor treatment, has been operated for a fronthead spinocellular epithelioma under local anesthesia. Twelve hours later, a severe pain localized to the face occurred, with sleeplessness, followed up with a face orbitary oedema and fever. Twenty-four hours later, an intravenous antibiotherapy was therefore started and surgical treatment was performed as soon as the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was considered. An important inflammatory oedema was noticed, associated to a large necrotic softening of the face, the eyelid and the neck sub-cutaneous tissues. Then, the patient has been transferred in intensive care unit because multi-organ failure clinical and biological signs occurred. Pre-operatory bacteriological samples culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes. Repeated surgical explorations and debridement (excision, cleaning, draining and bandages recovery) were performed daily as needed until all the necrotic tissue was all eradicated. The antibiotherapy was prescribed to totalised 15 days. Our report underlines the importance of an early recognition of the diagnosis of soft tissue infection, because early surgical treatment has a better prognosis and antibiotic treatment alone is inefficient for the recovery. Alert is delivered by the local signs quickly followed up by skin changes. Anti-inflammatory therapy must be avoid in case of any soft tissue infection sign: they may increase the lesions, hide alarm signs and delay surgical treatment.

[Secondary Streptococcus pyogenes peritonitis following necrotizing fasciitis]. / Péritonite à Streptococcus pyogenes et fasciite nécrosante.

We report the case of a 66-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus and disseminated lupus treated with immunosupressive drug. She was admitted for an inflammatory oedema of the right lower limb associated to diffuse abdominal pain and vomiting. The occurrence of septic shock with multiple organ failure and surgical abdominal picture led us to perform urgent laparotomy without taking in account the evolutive signs of cutaneous lesions i.e. purpuric elements and haemorrhagic phlycthena. The abdominal cavity exploration showed peritonitis without digestive tracts perforation. The patient died few hours after surgical procedure. All bacteriological samples i.e. peritoneal effusion, blood cultures and phlycthena liquid were positive for Streptocoque pyogenes (group A) and peritonitis was considered to be related to haematogen diffusion from rapid course necrotizing fasciitis.

[Antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures: assessment of the guidelines application and validation of antibiotic prophylaxis kits]. / Antibioprophylaxie chirurgicale: évaluation de l'application des recommandations et validation des kits d'antibioprophylaxie.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical wounds infections represent a major cause of morbidity and are at the origin of an increase in the postoperative mortality rate. Those infections represent in France one-fourth of the nosocomial infections. Combine with the elementary hygiene rules and the surgical "good practices", antimicrobial prophylaxis with antibiotics is an essential tool for the reduction of the surgical wound infections rate. In the French hospitals, antimicrobial prophylaxis represents one-third of the antibiotic prescriptions. The rules for the application of surgical prophylaxis are based on current guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis, however, guidelines are not totally respected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study 1: assessment of the guidelines application (practical audit) of the antibiotic antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery, and of their impact on the established prescriptions: three audits were realized with four years interval (1994, 1998 and 2002), in order to estimate the evolution in the application of the current guidelines, which indirectly estimate the evolution of the guidelines impact. Study 2: assessment of the use of an antibiotic kit through a prospective comparative study of two groups: exposed patients vs non-exposed patients. Nominatives kits contained the recommended antibiotics with recommended posology and the instructions for each surgical procedure. RESULTS: Study 1: this study showed a significant increase in the antibiotics prescription volume since 1994 (+23%). After a temporary increase from 1994 to 1998, the conformity of the effective prescriptions with the current guidelines for the indication to realize or not to realize an antibiotic surgical prophylaxis decreases of 7% between 1998 and 2002. Nevertheless, we noticed an overall improvement in the guidelines application for the modalities of the antimicrobial prophylaxis when it was prescribed in a valid indication. Persistent weak points were in 2002 the antibiotic molecule choice (error rate of 25%), the duration of prescription (rate of abnormal prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis of 19%), and the timing of administration (error rate of 31%). Study 2: antibiotic kits have permitted to increase the accordance of the antimicrobial prophylaxis prescriptions with the guidelines. Antibiotic prophylaxis was in total agreement with guidelines for 82% of exposed patients vs 41 for non-exposed patients. Choice of the antibiotic molecule, timing of administration and duration of prescription were the parameters particularly well rectified by this new antibiotic prophylaxis technical. CONCLUSION: In this study, guidelines diffusion seems to be an essential but also an insufficient point for the improvement of the quality prescriptions in surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. The "day by day" nominative antibiotic prophylaxis deliverance in the shape of a << ready to use >> antibiotic kit went with an increase in the respect of the recommendations, by correcting in a significant way the persistent weak points identified during the first part of our study. The antibiotic prescriptions control is an imperative goal in individual health (the patient himself), but also in public health (the community). This radical change in habits is listed in a policy of antimicrobial agent prescription improvement (best efficacy with less cost).

[Metformin-associated lactic acidosis remains a serious complication of metformin therapy]. / L'acidose lactique reste une complication grave du traitement par metformine.

We report 4 cases of lactic acidosis in diabetic patients usually treated with metformin. For the first 3 patients, the clinical history was similar because lactic acidosis was precipitated by gastro-intestinal disorders whereas all of them were simultaneously treated with several nephrotoxic drugs. These 3 patients presented with acute renal failure on arrival at hospital. Their issue was fatal whereas any obvious cause of overproduction of lactate was found. The fourth case, which was due to a voluntary intoxication, was the only one presenting with a favourable evolution. The metformin plasma and red blood cell levels were performed for 2 of 4 patients and confirmed the overdose. These observations remind that metformin-associated lactic acidosis remains a serious complication, and that medical doctors must respect strictly contra-indications and guidelines for withdrawing metformin.

[Impact of the development of anesthesia protocols on the incidence of peri-anesthetic anaphylactoid reactions]. / Impact de l'évolution des protocoles d'anesthésie sur l'incidence des réactions anaphylactoïdes peranesthésiques.

INTRODUCTION: What impact does the use of new drugs and latex gloves it have on the frequency and the severity of peri-anaesthetic anaphylactoid reactions? Does the evolution of in vitro techniques does represent a progress in the imputability of the substances at the origin of the shock? THE METHODS: They include the letter from the anaesthetic doctor, the questioning by the allergologist, skin tests (Pricks, IDR) with the anaesthetic substances and the latex according to the GERAP protocol and the biologic tests (Human Basophilic Degranulation test (TDBH), Radio ImmunoAssay (RIA), leukotrienes E4 assay (LTC4), Flow Cytometry (CMF)). THE RESULTS: 386 patients were explored (289 women and 88 men, mean age 41.5 years). The muscle relaxants are the first cause of anaphylaxis 77%. Muscle relaxants cross allergy is found in 55.1%. The Latex, tested since 1989 with Allerbio and Stallergenes extracts, is responsible for 25 shocks with one death and 15 with grade III or IV. Preventive antibiotherapy, since consensus meeting of 1992, seems responsible of 17 accidents. 116 TDBH, 216 RIA, 17LTC4 and 47CMF. TDBH are made concordant with skin tests in 48.2% against, 71.2% for the RIA. CONCLUSION: The experience of 17 years of allergo-anaesthetic consultation confirms the first row for the muscles relaxants for the target of anaphylactic shock, but the imputability of Vecuronium and Rocuronium increases to the detriment of the Suxamethonium. The Latex is in the second row, but the target questioning, the systematic use of Prick tests and "latex free" surgery room limit its increase which should change down. The antibiotherapy occupies the third row and might increase. 54 accidents have remained unexplained.

Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and propofol on cortical somatosensory evoked potentials.

BACKGROUND: Propofol (P) and sevoflurane (S) are potential anaesthetic agents if electrophysiological monitoring is required during spinal surgery. They allow rapid recovery and do not depress cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) as much as other agents. The effects of these agents on SSEP have not been compared before. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were allocated randomly to receive either S (n = 12) or P (n = 12). SSEP evoked by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle were recorded before anaesthesia. The cortical potential P40 was recorded (latency P40 and amplitudes N29P40 and P40N50). The anaesthetic concentration was adjusted gradually to obtain three predetermined ranges of values of bispectral index (BIS): 45-55, 35-45 and 25-35. For each range, a stable state was maintained for 10 min and SSEP were recorded. RESULTS: For the BIS 45-55 range, compared with preoperative values, P40 latency increased during S [mean change +2 (SD 0.6) ms] but not during P [+0.4 (0.2) ms (P = 0.12)] and both amplitudes (N29P40 and P40N50) decreased with S. Increasing S concentration caused a dose-dependent depression of SSEP. P did not have a statistically significant effect on the recordings and the signals remained stable in each BIS range. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane affected SSEP recordings in a dose-dependent fashion. Propofol had a minimal effect on SSEP recordings.

Tapia's syndrome following shoulder surgery.

Multiple cranial palsy occurred after shoulder surgery in the sitting position. Compression by the tracheal tube, caused by displacement of the head, may have caused the injury.

[Severe metabolic alkalosis and beer drinking]. / Alcalose métabolique sévère et buveur de bière.

We describe a case report with moderately low plasma sodium level and predominant metabolic alkalosis. Others have reported acid-base balance disorders, although no clear pathophysiological explanation has been put forward. We hypothesize that, combine with poor protein intake, mild hyperosmolar beer leads to a water intoxication syndrome, whereas strong hyperosmolar beer intake more likely induces hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis.

[Rapid sequence intubation in emergency: is there any place for fentanyl?]. / Induction à séquence rapide en urgence: quelle est la place du fentanyl?

OBJECTIVES: Rapid sequence intubation (RSI) with the association of etomidate and succinylcholine is the French "Gold standard" for urgent "full stomach" endotracheal intubations. The aim of this study is to assess the fentanyl as a co-induction agent to take over the sedation between the RSI and the keeping of sedation, which is a critical period in which harmful neuro-vegetatives events, and awakening signs are frequently seen. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double blind controlled prospective study, after acceptation by the local ethical committee. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three groups of patients undergoing RSI in the intensive care unit and by the out-of-hospital medical team were compared: group A patients received fentanyl 3 micrograms kg-1 during RSI, before paralysis was induced. Group B patients received the same dose of fentanyl immediately after endotracheal intubation. Group C patients did not received fentanyl (control group). Outcome measures were awakening signs arrival (respiratory movements, eyes opening, spontaneous limb movements), Ramsay score assessment, and haemody namics. Attempt at intubation and vomiting incident were also measured. Discrete data were compared by chi-2 analysis, continuous data were compared with two-way analysis of variance. A p value < 0.05 was the significant threshold. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were enrolled and completed the study. All the included patients presented awakening signs. The use of fentanyl did not prevent the recourse of other sedative medications. Ten minutes after endotracheal intubation, significant differences has been noticed for the awakening signs arrival between fentanyl groups (A: 42% and B: 36%) and control group (C: 77%). The Ramsay score evolution follows the same variation. All the patients were intubated on the first attempt, there was no vomiting incident noticed. CONCLUSION: The use of fentanyl, as a co-induction agent with etomidate and succinylcholine during RSI, allows a significant delay of the awakening signs arrival and attenuate the neurovegetative response during the minutes after endotracheal intubation after RSI, without deleterious haemodynamic effects.

Initial effect of sodium bicarbonate on intracellular pH depends on the extracellular nonbicarbonate buffering capacity.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of sodium bicarbonate on intracellular pH under conditions close to those in vivo, with both bicarbonate and nonbicarbonate buffering systems, is unknown. We postulated that this effect depends on the nonbicarbonate buffering capacity because the alkali-induced back-titration of these buffers results in a concentration-dependent release of CO2 in the extracellular space, leading to a decrease in intracellular pH. DESIGN: The study was conducted in two stages. First, human hepatocytes were perfused with pH 7 bicarbonate-buffered medium (5 mM HCO3-, 20 torr Pco2) containing no nonbicarbonate buffer or small amounts (5 mM 4-[2-hydroxyethyl]-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid [HEPES]) or large amounts (20 mM HEPES) of nonbicarbonate buffer. Second, the changes in intracellular pH of hepatocytes placed in acidotic human blood (pH 7, 5 mM HCO3-, 20 torr Pco2) at three hematocrits (40%, 20%, and 5%) were measured. SETTING: Research laboratory at a medical university. SUBJECTS: Cryopreserved human hepatocytes thawed the day before the experiments. INTERVENTIONS: Sodium bicarbonate was infused for 10 mins to increase the HCO3- concentration from 5 to 30 mM. In the second part, 20 mM sodium bicarbonate was added directly to the blood bathing the cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The intracellular pH was measured with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye bis-carboxyethyl carboxy-fluorescein in its esterified form, acetoxy-methyl ester, by using a single-cell imaging technique. Gas analyses were performed before and during the sodium bicarbonate load. Sodium bicarbonate caused a decrease in intracellular pH with all media except the artificial medium containing no HEPES. This decrease was small in media with low nonbicarbonate buffering capacity (5 mM HEPES and 5% hematocrit blood) and large in media with high nonbicarbonate buffering capacity (20 mM HEPES and 40% hematocrit blood). The change in intracellular pH was linked closely to the change in Pco2 caused by the sodium bicarbonate. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of sodium bicarbonate on intracellular pH depends on changes in Pco2 in the medium bathing the cells. The increase in Pco2 is correlated with the extracellular nonbicarbonate buffering capacity because of the release of H+ ions coming from the back-titration of these buffers. We conclude that sodium bicarbonate may exacerbate cell acidosis under buffering conditions close to those in vivo and that the initial changes in cell pH caused by sodium bicarbonate depend on the extracellular nonbicarbonate buffering capacity.

Acute postoperative metabolic complications of diabetes.

Because of several factors, including a change in the hormonal behavior, the postoperative period is at high risk for the diabetic patient to present a metabolic complication. On the other hand, a diabetic metabolic disorder may be secondary and reveal a severe underlying complication (sepsis...). Ketoacidosis is the consequence of an absolute or relative lack of insulin and occurs mainly in insulin dependent diabetic patients. Its incidence should be very low during the postoperative period since insulin protocols are systematically used. The main clinical and biological signs are a polypnea, signs of dehydration, an hyperglycemia associated with a high anion gap metabolic acidosis and the presence of ketoacids in the urine. Its treatment is mainly based on an active rehydration and an insulin and potassium supply. Sodium bicarbonate should not be used systematically any more, even during severe acidosis. Hyperosmolar non ketotic states affects insulin nondependent and older diabetic patients for the most part and occurs under similar conditions than ketoacidosis, revealing most of the time a severe underlying complication. Clinical and biological manifestations include a severe dehydration, alterations in consciousness and a major hyperglycemia associated to a moderate or mild metabolic acidosis. Its main treatment is an active rehydration and insulin plus potassium in a second time. Hypoglycemia is usually the consequence of a mistake in the diabetes care and in the insulin management. Every sickness or consciousness disorder occurring in a diabetic patient treated with insulin should lead to perform a blood glucose measurement. In case of severe manifestations, glucose should be administered in emergency, orally if the patient is conscious or intravenously if he is not. Lactic acidosis occurring during the postoperative period in a diabetic patient is usually non specific of diabetic disease and reflects the existence of an underlying complication (sepsis, hemorrhage, hypoxia,...), as it would in an non diabetic patient. Lactic acidosis due to a treatment with metformin is now very rare and occurs almost only in patients having a contraindication to the use of metformin.

An evaluation of the brachial plexus block at the humeral canal using a neurostimulator (1417 patients): the efficacy, safety, and predictive criteria of failure.

UNLABELLED: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the multiple peripheral nerve block technique at the humeral canal (humeral block) with the use of a neurostimulator, we prospectively studied 1417 patients undergoing upper limb surgery with a brachial plexus block at the humeral canal (1468 blocks). The success rate (defined as sensory block [in all nerve distributions] and/or the absence of another anesthetic technique required to allow surgery) was 95%. The threshold of minimal stimulation used to locate each nerve before injecting the anesthetic solution was the unique predictive factor for identified failure. For the median nerve, the threshold was 0.8 mA with a relative risk of failure (RRf: relative risk evaluated by series of Taylor with a 95% confidence interval) = 1.49 (P = 0.04), for the radial nerve the threshold was 0.6 mA (RRf 1.3, P = 0.02), and 0.7 mA for the ulnar nerve (RRf 1.36, P = 0.04). For any equal or higher stimulation level, the risk of failure of the humeral block increased. For the musculocutaneous nerve, we did not observe a significant stimulation threshold for the risk of failure; although beyond 0.7 mA, the RRf was always more than 1.3. Adverse events occurred in 7% of all cases and were usually minor (nausea/vomiting, anxiety, local pain). Our study provides supplementary information on the efficacy and safety of this technique. Stimulation thresholds are clinically identified for the first time as the main factor linked to the failure of a technique using a neurostimulator. We conclude that the humeral block is a reliable peripheral block allowing good success rates results with minor complications, which can be used as an alternative to the axillary block. IMPLICATIONS: We prospectively evaluated the feasibility and the factors causing failure of a peripheral nerve block technique (humeral block) using neurostimulation in a large number of patients. The importance of the level of stimulation for the success of the block was evaluated for the first time.

Improvement of 'dynamic analgesia' does not decrease atelectasis after thoracotomy.

There is still controversy concerning the beneficial aspects of 'dynamic analgesia' (i.e. pain while coughing or moving) on the reduction of postoperative atelectasis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) prevents these abnormalities as opposed to multimodal analgesia with i.v. patient controlled analgesia (i.v. PCA) after thoracotomy. Fifty-four patients undergoing thoracotomy (lung cancer) were randomly assigned to one of the two groups. Clinical respiratory characteristics, arterial blood gas, and pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s) were obtained before surgery and on the next 3 postoperative days. Atelectasis was compared between the two groups by performing computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest at day 3. Postoperative respiratory function and arterial blood gas values were reduced compared with preoperative values (mean (SD) FEV1 day 0: 1.1 (0.3) litre; 1.3 (0.4) litre) but there was no significant difference between groups at any time. PCA and TEA provided a good level of analgesia at rest (VAS day 0: 21 (15/100); 8 (9/100)), but TEA was more effective for analgesia during mobilization (VAS day 0: 52 (3/100); 25 (17/100)). CT scans revealed comparable amounts of atelectasis (expressed as a percentage of total lung volume) in the TEA (7.1 (2.8)%) and in the i.v. PCA group (6.71 (3.2)%). There was no statistical difference in the number of patients presenting with at least one atelectasis of various types (lamellar, plate, segmental, lobar).

The increase in CO2 production induced by NaHCO3 depends on blood albumin and hemoglobin concentrations.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the origin of H+ ions participating in the generation of CO2 coming from sodium bicarbonate infusion during metabolic acidosis. We hypothesized that these H+ ions come from a back-titration of the main non-bicarbonate buffers present in the blood, i. e. the hemoglobin and the albumin, and thus postulated that the rate of CO2 release from a bicarbonate load is dependent on the concentration of these buffers. DESIGN: Prospective clinical and experimental study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS AND MATERIAL: (1) Sixteen stable sedated and artificially ventilated critically ill patients with a mild base deficit. (2) Acidotic human blood (bicarbonate 5 mM, pH 7.0) of hematocrit 5, 10, 20 and 40% regenerated from a mixture of frozen fresh plasma and packed red blood cells. PATIENTS: infusion of 1.5 mmol/kg sodium bicarbonate over 5 min. Regenerated blood: 25 mM sodium bicarbonate load. PATIENTS: continuous measurement of CO2 production (VCO2) on the expired gas using a metabolic monitor and arterial blood gas analysis before (T0), at the end (T5) and at 10, 30 and 60 min after the beginning of the bicarbonate infusion. The increase in VCO2 was 18 +/- 7% leading to a rise in PaCO2 from 39.6 +/- 2.3 at T0 to 46.2 +/- 2.7 mmHg at T5. The increases in VCO2 and in PaCO2 were significantly correlated to the albumin (r = 0.73, p < 0.005 and r = 0.70, p < 0.005, respectively) and to the hemoglobin (r = 0.51, p < 0.05 and r = 0.65, p < 0.01, respectively) concentrations. Regenerated blood: gas analysis 1 min after the bicarbonate load. The increase in PCO2 was closely related to the hematocrit (Ht) of the blood as it was 15.9 +/- 7.5 mmHg for Ht 5%, 29.0 +/- 9.6 for Ht 10%, 44.2 +/- 5.9 for Ht 20% and 71.0 +/- 3.5 for Ht 40% (n = 5 for each, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The importance of the release of CO2 from a bicarbonate load is dependent on the concentration of the blood non-bicarbonate buffers. It is therefore likely that the adverse effects of bicarbonate therapy linked to the CO2 generation are more important in patients with high blood albumin and hemoglobin concentrations.