Delivering clinical tutorials to medical students using the Microsoft HoloLens 2: A mixed-methods evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Mixed reality offers potential educational advantages in the delivery of clinical teaching. Holographic artefacts can be rendered within a shared learning environment using devices such as the Microsoft HoloLens 2. In addition to facilitating remote access to clinical events, mixed reality may provide a means of sharing mental models, including the vertical and horizontal integration of curricular elements at the bedside. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of delivering clinical tutorials using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 and the learning efficacy achieved. METHODS: Following receipt of institutional ethical approval, tutorials on preoperative anaesthetic history taking and upper airway examination were facilitated by a tutor who wore the HoloLens device. The tutor interacted face to face with a patient and two-way audio-visual interaction was facilitated using the HoloLens 2 and Microsoft Teams with groups of students who were located in a separate tutorial room. Holographic functions were employed by the tutor. The tutor completed the System Usability Scale, the tutor, technical facilitator, patients, and students provided quantitative and qualitative feedback, and three students participated in semi-structured feedback interviews. Students completed pre- and post-tutorial, and end-of-year examinations on the tutorial topics. RESULTS: Twelve patients and 78 students participated across 12 separate tutorials. Five students did not complete the examinations and were excluded from efficacy calculations. Student feedback contained 90 positive comments, including the technology's ability to broadcast the tutor's point-of-vision, and 62 negative comments, where students noted issues with the audio-visual quality, and concerns that the tutorial was not as beneficial as traditional in-person clinical tutorials. The technology and tutorial structure were viewed favourably by the tutor, facilitator and patients. Significant improvement was observed between students' pre- and post-tutorial MCQ scores (mean 59.2% Vs 84.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the HoloLens 2 to facilitate remote bedside tutorials which incorporate holographic learning artefacts. Students' examination performance supports substantial learning of the tutorial topics. The tutorial structure was agreeable to students, patients and tutor. Our results support the feasibility of offering effective clinical teaching and learning opportunities using the HoloLens 2. However, the technical limitations and costs of the device are significant, and further research is required to assess the effectiveness of this tutorial format against in-person tutorials before wider roll out of this technology can be recommended as a result of this study.

Ultrasound guided interscalene brachial plexus block.

Peripheral nerve blocks have long been established as a crucial part of the enhanced recovery pathways after surgery. Interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) is mainly indicated for anaesthesia and analgesia during shoulder and proximal arm surgery. Ultrasound technology has remarkably improved the efficacy and success rates of the ISB while limiting its potential complications.

Ultrasound guided sciatic nerve blockade - subgluteal and popliteal approaches.

Sciatic nerve blocks are commonly performed regional anaesthetic blocks used for lower limb surgery. The two most common sciatic nerve blocks are briefly reviewed in this article, with particular reference to ultrasound guidance.

Ultrasound guided Interpectoral, Pectoserratus and Serratus anterior plane blocks.

Interpectoral, Pectoserratus and Serratus anterior plane blocks are relatively recent fascial plane blocks performed with ultrasound guidance to provide analgesia of the anterior thoracic wall. They have been mainly used in breast surgery and are both safe and easy to perform. This review will focus on the technique of ultrasound guided Interpectoral, Pectoserratus and Serratus anterior plane blocks.