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1.
Emerg Infect Dis ; 30(7): 1361-1373, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38861554

ABSTRACT

In March 2024, the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service reported detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle in the United States for the first time. One factor that determines susceptibility to HPAI H5N1 infection is the presence of specific virus receptors on host cells; however, little is known about the distribution of the sialic acid (SA) receptors in dairy cattle, particularly in mammary glands. We compared the distribution of SA receptors in the respiratory tract and mammary gland of dairy cattle naturally infected with HPAI H5N1. The respiratory and mammary glands of HPAI H5N1-infected dairy cattle are rich in SA, particularly avian influenza virus-specific SA α2,3-gal. Mammary gland tissues co-stained with sialic acids and influenza A virus nucleoprotein showed predominant co-localization with the virus and SA α2,3-gal. HPAI H5N1 exhibited epitheliotropism within the mammary gland, and we observed rare immunolabeling within macrophages.


Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype , Mammary Glands, Animal , Orthomyxoviridae Infections , Receptors, Cell Surface , Animals , Cattle , Mammary Glands, Animal/virology , Female , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity , Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology , Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Cattle Diseases/virology , Dairying , N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism , Receptors, Virus/metabolism , Influenza in Birds/virology
2.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 34(3): 482-488, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35168437

ABSTRACT

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a known cause of enteric disease in cattle; however, its role in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is poorly understood, with a dearth of evidence of the detection of the virus in respiratory tract lesions. We coupled histologic evaluation of tracheal and lower airway tissues from 104 calves with BRD in which BCoV was detected in the lungs via PCR followed by direct detection of BCoV by immunohistochemistry and an RNA in situ hybridization assay (ISH; RNAscope technology). RNAscope ISH detected BCoV in respiratory epithelium in more cases than did IHC. Using both methods of direct detection, tracheal epithelial attenuation and identification of the virus within lesions were observed commonly. Our results confirm a role of BCoV in respiratory tract infection and pathology, and show that the virus likely plays a role in the development of BRD.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases , Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus, Bovine , Respiratory Tract Infections , Animals , Cattle , Coronavirus Infections/veterinary , Respiratory System/pathology , Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
3.
Viruses ; 13(1)2021 Jan 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33430224

ABSTRACT

Nodaviruses are small bisegmented RNA viruses belonging to the family Nodaviridae. Nodaviruses have been identified in different hosts, including insects, fishes, shrimps, prawns, dogs, and bats. A novel porcine nodavirus was first identified in the United States by applying next-generation sequencing on brain tissues of pigs with neurological signs, including uncontrollable shaking. RNA1 of the porcine nodavirus had the highest nucleotide identity (51.1%) to the Flock House virus, whereas its RNA2 shared the highest nucleotide identity (48%) with the RNA2 segment of caninovirus (Canine nodavirus). Genetic characterization classified porcine nodavirus as a new species under the genus Alphanodavirus. Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and clinical impacts of this virus.


Subject(s)
Nodaviridae/genetics , Nodaviridae/isolation & purification , RNA Virus Infections/veterinary , RNA, Viral/genetics , Swine Diseases/virology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Genomics , Nodaviridae/classification , Phylogeny , Swine/virology , United States
4.
Virology ; 552: 43-51, 2021 01 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33059319

ABSTRACT

This study focused on intestinal restitution including phenotype switching of absorptive enterocytes and the abundance of different enterocyte subtypes in weaned pigs after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. At 10 days post-PEDV-inoculation, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in both jejunum and ileum had restored, and the PEDV antigen was not detectable. However, enterocytes at the villus tips revealed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the jejunum in which E-cadherin expression decreased while expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail increased. Additionally, there was reduced expression of actin in microvilli and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in tight junctions. Moreover, the protein concentration of transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1), which mediates EMT and cytoskeleton alteration, was increased. We also found a decreased number of Peyer's patch M cells in the ileum. These results reveal incomplete restitution of enterocytes in the jejunum and potentially impaired immune surveillance in the ileum after PEDV infection.


Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/veterinary , Enterocytes/pathology , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition , Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/pathology , Peyer's Patches/pathology , Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/pathogenicity , Animals , Cadherins/metabolism , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/pathology , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/immunology , Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/virology , Ileum/immunology , Ileum/pathology , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Jejunum/immunology , Jejunum/pathology , Microvilli/pathology , Swine , Tight Junctions/pathology , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Weaning
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