Molecular phylogeny and trait evolution of Madeiran land snails: radiation of the Geomitrini (Stylommatophora: Helicoidea: Geomitridae).

The Geomitrini is the most species-rich group of land snails in the Madeiran Archipelago. The phylogeny of the group is reconstructed based on mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. The timing of diversification, the colonisation history of the islands of the Madeiran Archipelago and the evolution of characters of the dart apparatus are studied. The results of the phylogenetic analyses confirm the sister group relationship of Geomitrini and Cochlicellini, but also show that several previously accepted genus-group taxa are not monophyletic. A new classification for the Geomitrini is proposed, including the description of two new genera, Domunculifex Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, n. gen. and Testudodiscula Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, n. gen. The onset of diversification of Geomitrini was dated in our analysis at 13 Ma, which largely coincides with the emergence of the present-day islands. The ancestral state estimation recovered the presence of two appendiculae in the reproductive system as the ancestral state in Geomitrini. One appendicula was lost three times independently within the tribe and is even missing completely in one group. The ancestral area estimation suggests recurrent colonisations of Madeira (and the Ilhas Desertas) from the older island Porto Santo.

Corrigenda: De Mattia W, Neiber MT, Groh K (2018) Revision of the genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 from Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago), with descriptions of new recent and fossil taxa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Geomitridae). ZooKeys 732: 1-125. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.732.21677.

[This corrects the article on p. 1 in vol. 2018.].

Revision of the genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 from Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago), with descriptions of new recent and fossil taxa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Geomitridae).

The genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 is revised on the basis of conchological, anatomical and genetic characteristics. A new genus Wollastoniagen. n., two recent species, W. jessicaesp. n. and W. klausgrohisp. n., and one recent subspecies, W. jessicae monticolassp. n. are described as new to science, as well as five fossil taxa, H. microcarinatasp. n., W. beckmannisp. n., W. falknerorumsp. n., W. ripkenisp. n., and W. inexpectatasp. n. For Helix vermetiformis R. T. Lowe, 1855, H. leacockiana Wollaston, 1878, H. oxytropis R. T. Lowe, 1831, H. duplicata R. T. Lowe, 1831 and H. oxytropis var. ß subcarinulata Wollaston, 1878 lectotypes are designated. For the taxa Helix bicarinata G. B. Sowerby I, 1824, Helix bicarinata var. ß aucta Wollaston, 1878 and Discula bulverii W. Wood, 1828 neotypes are selected. The taxa aucta and subcarinulata are elevated to specific rank. For the hitherto monospecific (sub-) genus Callina R. T. Lowe, 1855 it is shown that it is not closely related to the genus Discula but to the Hystricella-group and its generic rank is confirmed. The taxon D. bulverii W. Wood, 1828 is transferred from the genus Discula s. str. to the genus Callina. A further fossil taxon C. waldenisp. n. is described as new to science.

ResumoNo presente trabalho o grupo genérico Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 é revisto com base em critérios morfológicos, anatómicos e genéticos. É descrito um novo género, Wollastonia gen. n., duas novas espécies atuais, W. jessicaesp. n. e W. klausgrohisp. n. e uma nova subespécie também atual, W. jessicae monticolassp. n. São também descritas neste novo género cinco novas espécies fósseis: H. microcarinatasp. n., W. beckmannisp. n., W. falknerorumsp. n., W. ripkenisp. n. e H. inexpectatasp. n. São designados lectótipos para as espécies, Helix vermetiformis R. T. Lowe, 1855, H. leacockiana Wollaston, 1878, H. oxytropis R. T. Lowe, 1831, H. duplicata R. T. Lowe, 1831 e H. oxytropis var. ß subcarinulata Wollaston, 1878. São designados neótipos para as taxones Helix bicarinata G. B. Sowerby I, 1824, Helix bicarinata var. ß aucta Wollaston, 1878 e Discula bulverii W. Wood, 1828. Os taxa aucta e subcarinulata são elevados à categoria de espécie. É demonstrado que o (sub) género, até agora monotípico, Callina R. T. Lowe, 1855, não está relacionado com o grupo genérico Discula, mas sim com o grupo genérico Hystricella e o seu estatuto de género é confirmado. O táxon D. bulverii W. Wood, 1828 é transferido do género Discula s. str. para o género Callina e é descrita uma nova espécie fóssil adicional, C. waldenisp. n.

Evolutionary diversification of the genus Theba (Gastropoda: Helicidae) in space and time: a land snail conquering islands and continents.

Among oceanic islands, the Canary Islands offer exceptional opportunities for studying speciation processes due to their habitat diversity and well documented geological history. Based on a combined COI+ITS1 data set for more than 140 specimens, we studied the diversification of the land snail genus Theba on the Canary Islands and adjacent African and European continental areas. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in the recognition of 18 genetically distinct clades including at least three new species. Divergence time estimates suggested an evolution of Theba in the Canarian archipelago and an initial radiation on the three eastern-most islands during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene. Despite the close proximity of NW Africa to the Canary Islands, the main mode of diversification was intra-archipelago speciation rather than independent colonization of the islands from the mainland. Notably, species from Morocco are nested among species from the Canary Islands, indicating re-colonization of the continent from the islands. The re-colonization of NW Africa occurred during the Middle Miocene and led to a remarkable continental radiation.