WNT/RYK signaling restricts goblet cell differentiation during lung development and repair.

Goblet cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion are observed in many pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis. However, the regulation of goblet cell differentiation remains unclear. Here, we identify a regulator of this process in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) screen for modulators of postnatal lung development; Ryk mutant mice exhibit lung inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hypersecretion. RYK functions as a WNT coreceptor, and, in the developing lung, we observed high RYK expression in airway epithelial cells and moderate expression in mesenchymal cells as well as in alveolar epithelial cells. From transcriptomic analyses and follow-up studies, we found decreased WNT/ß-catenin signaling activity in the mutant lung epithelium. Epithelial-specific Ryk deletion causes goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion but not inflammation, while club cell-specific Ryk deletion in adult stages leads to goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion during regeneration. We also found that the airway epithelium of COPD patients often displays goblet cell metaplastic foci, as well as reduced RYK expression. Altogether, our findings reveal that RYK plays important roles in maintaining the balance between airway epithelial cell populations during development and repair, and that defects in RYK expression or function may contribute to the pathogenesis of human lung diseases.

Fibrillin-2 is a key mediator of smooth muscle extracellular matrix homeostasis during mouse tracheal tubulogenesis.

Epithelial tubes, comprised of polarised epithelial cells around a lumen, are crucial for organ function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tube formation remain largely unknown. Here, we report on the function of fibrillin (FBN)2, an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, as a critical regulator of tracheal tube formation.We performed a large-scale forward genetic screen in mouse to identify regulators of respiratory organ development and disease. We identified Fbn2 mutants which exhibit shorter and narrowed tracheas as well as defects in tracheal smooth muscle cell alignment and polarity.We found that FBN2 is essential for elastic fibre formation and Fibronectin accumulation around tracheal smooth muscle cells. These processes appear to be regulated at least in part through inhibition of p38-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as pharmacological decrease of p38 phosphorylation or MMP activity partially attenuated the Fbn2 mutant tracheal phenotypes. Analysis of human tracheal tissues indicates that a decrease in ECM proteins, including FBN2 and Fibronectin, is associated with tracheomalacia.Our findings provide novel insights into the role of ECM homeostasis in mesenchymal cell polarisation during tracheal tubulogenesis.

Myh10 deficiency leads to defective extracellular matrix remodeling and pulmonary disease.

Impaired alveolar formation and maintenance are features of many pulmonary diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In a forward genetic screen for modulators of mouse lung development, we identified the non-muscle myosin II heavy chain gene, Myh10. Myh10 mutant pups exhibit cyanosis and respiratory distress, and die shortly after birth from differentiation defects in alveolar epithelium and mesenchyme. From omics analyses and follow up studies, we find decreased Thrombospondin expression accompanied with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in both mutant lungs and cultured mutant fibroblasts, as well as disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Loss of Myh10 specifically in mesenchymal cells results in ECM deposition defects and alveolar simplification. Notably, MYH10 expression is downregulated in the lung of emphysema patients. Altogether, our findings reveal critical roles for Myh10 in alveologenesis at least in part via the regulation of ECM remodeling, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema.

The potassium channel KCNJ13 is essential for smooth muscle cytoskeletal organization during mouse tracheal tubulogenesis.

Tubulogenesis is essential for the formation and function of internal organs. One such organ is the trachea, which allows gas exchange between the external environment and the lungs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal tube development remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the potassium channel KCNJ13 is a critical modulator of tracheal tubulogenesis. We identify Kcnj13 in an ethylnitrosourea forward genetic screen for regulators of mouse respiratory organ development. Kcnj13 mutants exhibit a shorter trachea as well as defective smooth muscle (SM) cell alignment and polarity. KCNJ13 is essential to maintain ion homeostasis in tracheal SM cells, which is required for actin polymerization. This process appears to be mediated, at least in part, through activation of the actin regulator AKT, as pharmacological increase of AKT phosphorylation ameliorates the Kcnj13-mutant trachea phenotypes. These results provide insight into the role of ion homeostasis in cytoskeletal organization during tubulogenesis.

Carvedilol improves myocardial contractility compared with metoprolol in patients with chronic hibernating myocardium after revascularization.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis of whether carvedilol delays morphologic degeneration and improves functional outcome compared with metoprolol tartrate in patients with hibernating myocardium undergoing surgical revascularization. We have previously shown that patients with chronic hibernating myocardium undergo progressive cellular degeneration and fibrosis. METHODS: Twenty patients with multivessel coronary artery disease revascularization and hibernating myocardium as assessed by technetium-99m perfusion scintigraphy and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography were randomized to receive either carvedilol or metoprolol tartrate for at least 2 months before surgery, and this was continued for 7 months postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion abnormalities were assessed by left ventriculography at baseline and 7 months postoperatively. Intraoperative transmural needle biopsy samples were obtained for microscopic analysis. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the ejection fraction increased from 31% +/- 5% to 44% +/- 4% (P < .005) in the carvedilol group (n = 10), and from 30% +/- 6% to 40% +/- 6% in the metoprolol tartrate group (P < .05 vs preoperatively and vs carvedilol). Wall motion abnormalities in the carvedilol group improved from -2.1 +/- 0.4 to -0.6 +/- 0.5 (P < .05) and from -2.3 +/- 0.5 to -1.6 +/- 0.6 in the metoprolol tartrate group (P < .05 vs preoperatively and vs carvedilol). Microscopic analysis after 72 +/- 18 days of either treatment showed mild cardiomyocyte degeneration and moderate-to-severe fibrosis (28% +/- 7%) in the carvedilol group compared with moderate cardiomyocyte degeneration and moderate-to-severe fibrosis (33% +/- 6%) in the metoprolol tartrate group. Apoptosis, as assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling method, was observed in only 1 patient in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Carvedilol treatment of hibernating myocardium results in improved functional recovery after revascularization compared with metoprolol tartrate, and this might partially be related to reduced cardiomyocyte degeneration.