Avoidance and fear day by day in social anxiety disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Theories assert that avoidance maintains maladaptive anxiety over time, yet a clear prospective test of this effect in the day-by-day lives of people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) is lacking. METHOD: We used intensive longitudinal data to test prospective relationships between social fear and social avoidance in 32 participants with SAD who reported on a total of 4256 time points. RESULTS: Results suggested that avoidance strongly predicted future anxiety, but only in a minority of people with SAD. Relationships between anxiety and avoidance varied considerably across individuals. Pre-registered tests found that the strength of autocorrelation for social fear is a good target for future testing of prediction of exposure response. Participants with lower autocorrelations were less likely to show between-session habituation. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results suggest avoidance maintains fear in SAD for at least some individuals, but also indicates considerable variability. Further intensive longitudinal data is needed to examine individuals with SAD across varying time courses.

Cardiovascular Drug Interactions With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Patients With COVID-19: JACC Review Topic of the Week.

Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (NMVr) is used to treat symptomatic, nonhospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) who are at high risk of progression to severe disease. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease are at a high risk of developing adverse events from COVID-19 and as a result have a higher likelihood of receiving NMVr. Ritonavir, the pharmaceutical enhancer used in NMVr, is an inhibitor of the enzymes of CYP450 pathway, particularly CYP3A4 and to a lesser degree CYP2D6, and affects the P-glycoprotein pump. Co-administration of NMVr with medications commonly used to manage cardiovascular conditions can potentially cause significant drug-drug interactions and may lead to severe adverse effects. It is crucial to be aware of such interactions and take appropriate measures to avoid them. In this review, we discuss potential drug-drug interactions between NMVr and commonly used cardiovascular medications based on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties.

Feasibility and utility of idiographic models in the clinic: A pilot study.

AbstractIntroduction: Idiographic, or individual-level, methodology has been touted for its potential clinical utility. Empirically modeling relationships between symptoms for a single individual may offer both the client and therapist information that is useful for case conceptualization and treatment planning. However, few studies have investigated the feasibility and utility of integrating idiographic models in a clinical setting.Methods: Clients (n = 12) completed ecological momentary assessment regarding psychological symptoms five times per day for three weeks. Clients also generated predictions about the associative and directed relationships in their networks. Graphical vector autoregression was used to generate contemporaneous and directed networks from each client's data, and both clients and therapists completed self-report questionnaires regarding the feasibility and utility of these methods.Results: Results indicated that the idiographic model structures varied widely across participants and differed markedly from the client's own predictions. Clients found the models useful, whereas their therapists demonstrated a more tempered response.Discussion: These results echo previous findings suggesting that clients are willing to complete intensive data collection and are interested in the output, whereas therapists may be less open to idiographic methods. We provide recommendations for future implementation of personalized models in clinical settings.

mHealth Assessment and Intervention of Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults.

Mobile technology is increasingly being used to enhance health and wellness, including in the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders. Such applications have been referred to collectively as mHealth, and this article provides a comprehensive review and clinical perspective of research regarding mHealth in late-life mood and anxiety disorders. The novel data collection offered by mHealth has contributed to a broader understanding of psychopathology, to an increased diversity of psychological interventions, and to novel methods of assessment that may ultimately provide individually adaptive mental health care for this population. Older adults face challenges (e.g., transportation, mobility) that limit their ability to receive medical and mental health care services, and mHealth may improve the capacity to reach this population. Although several mobile interventions exist for health-related issues in older adults (e.g., balance, diabetes, medication management), mHealth targeting psychiatric disorders is limited and most often focuses on problems related to dementia, cognitive dysfunction, and memory loss. Given that depression and anxiety are two of the most common mental health concerns among this population, mHealth has strong potential for broad public health interventions that may improve effectiveness of mental health care via individualized assessments and treatments.

Blunts versus joints: Cannabis use characteristics and consequences among treatment-seeking adults.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high prevalence of blunt smoking among cannabis users, very few studies examine the clinical profile of blunt smokers relative to those using more common methods of cannabis use, such as joints. METHODS: The current study uses baseline data from the ACCENT (Achieving Cannabis Cessation-Evaluating N-acetylcysteine Treatment) study, a multi-site randomized pharmacotherapy clinical trial within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network, to predict the association between blunt and joint use frequency and cannabis use characteristics (e.g., grams of cannabis used) and consequences (e.g., withdrawal) among past-month cannabis users (N = 377) who were screened for study participation. RESULTS: After controlling for race, age, gender, other forms of cannabis use (including joint use) and nicotine dependence, multivariable linear regression models indicated that the number of days of blunt use in the past month was a significant predictor of the average amount of cannabis per using day (t = 3.04, p < .01), the estimated average cost of cannabis (t = 2.28, p < .05) and Cannabis Withdrawal Scale scores (t = 1.94, p < .05). Frequency of joint use did not significantly predict any of the cannabis use characteristics or consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Blunt smokers may present to treatment with greater amounts of cannabis smoked and more intense withdrawal symptoms, which may adversely impact their likelihood of successful abstinence. Cannabis-dependent blunt smokers may be more likely to benefit from treatment that targets physiological and mood-related withdrawal symptoms.

Stakeholder Perceptions of the Barriers to Receiving and Delivering Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Adult Community Mental Health Settings.

CBT is considered the first-line treatment for anxiety disorders, particularly when it involves gradual confrontation with feared stimuli (i.e., exposure); however, delivery of CBT for anxiety disorders in real-world community clinics is lacking. This study utilized surveys we developed with key stakeholder feedback (patient, provider, and administrator) to assess patient and provider/administrator perceptions of the barriers to delivering (or receiving) CBT for anxiety disorders. Providers/administrators from two counties in California (N = 106) indicated lack of training/competency as primary barriers. Patients in one large county (N = 42) reported their own symptoms most often impacted treatment receipt. Both groups endorsed acceptability of exposure but indicated that its use in treatment provided/received had been limited. Implications and recommendations are discussed.

A Preliminary Exploration of the Barriers to Delivering (and Receiving) Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Adult Community Mental Health Settings.

Despite the effectiveness of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders, few individuals in need receive this treatment, particularly in community mental health settings serving low-income adults. The present study took a preliminary step to understand these barriers by conducting a series of key informant interviews and focus groups among patients, providers, clinical administrators, and policy makers. Several themes emerged as barriers to the delivery of exposure-based CBT in these settings, including therapist training and compentency issues, logistical issues, and funding stream issues. Clinical implications and future research that can build from these data are discussed.

Prognosis of patients with secondary mitral regurgitation and reduced ejection fraction.

Objective: The impact of the severity of secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) on the risk of death and heart failure (HF) hospitalisations in patients with reduced left ventricular (LV) systolic function is poorly defined. The study sought to identify the incremental risk of secondary MR in patients with reduced LV systolic function. Methods: We studied 615 consecutive patients with LV ejection fraction ≤35% by transthoracic echocardiography at a single medical centre. Patients were divided into three groups of no MR, mild, or moderate to severe MR. The median follow-up was 2.9 years. The primary endpoint was a composite of death or HF hospitalisations. Results: Compared with patients with no MR, the risk of death or HF hospitalisations was higher for mild MR (HR 1.7, P=0.003) and moderate to severe MR (HR 2.7, P<0.001). The risk was also higher for the component endpoints of HF hospitalisations (mild MR: HR 2.3, P=0.001; moderate to severe MR: HR 3.5, P<0.001) and death (mild MR: HR 1.6, P=0.033; moderate to severe MR: HR 2.6, P<0.001). After adjustment for other covariates, MR was no longer significantly associated with death or HF hospitalisations, or death alone, but remained significantly associated with HF hospitalisations (mild MR: HR 1.7, P=0.028; moderate to severe MR: HR 2.2, P=0.002). Conclusions: In patients with reduced LV systolic function, secondary MR is associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalisations but not death.

Tracking and Locating Itinerant Subjects With a Rechargeable Incentive Card: Results of a Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: High attrition among research participants undermines the validity and generalizability of field research. This study contrasted two incentivizing methods--money orders (MOs) or rechargeable incentive cards (RICs)--with regard to rates of participants' study engagement and follow-up contact over a 6-month period. METHODS: Substance abusers (N = 303) in Los Angeles, California were recruited and randomized to either an MO (control) or RIC (experimental) condition. All participants were asked to call the researchers at the beginning of each calendar month for the ensuing 5 months to update their locator information, even if nothing had changed. Each call resulted in a $10 payment, issued immediately via the RIC system or by MO by mail. Research staff located and interviewed all participants at Month 6. Contact logs assessed level of effort required to locate participants and conduct follow-up interviews. RESULTS: Relative to controls, RIC participants, especially those with low ability to defer gratification, initiated more monthly calls. Six-month follow-up rates did not differ between RIC (75%) and controls (79%), though the RIC condition was associated with an average staff time savings of 39.8 minutes per study participant. DISCUSSION: For longitudinal public health research involving itinerant study participants, the RIC method produces a modest benefit in study engagement and reduced staff time devoted to participant tracking and payments. However, the overall cost-effectiveness of this approach will depend on the pricing model of the card-issuing vendor (which in turns depends on the scale of the project, with per-unit costs falling for larger projects).

Effectiveness of Using Incentives to Improve Parolee Admission and Attendance in Community Addiction Treatment.

This study is a randomized effectiveness trial of the use of incentives to improve treatment utilization among parolees in community treatment. In prison, Admission phase parolees were randomized to Admission Incentive (N=31) or Education (N=29). Attendance phase parolees entering community treatment were randomized to Attendance Incentive (N=104) or Education (N=98). There was no main effect for incentives in either study phase. Neither admission to community treatment (Incentive 60%, Education 64%; p =.74), nor intervention completion (Incentive 22%; Education 27%; p =.46) appeared to be impacted. Time-in-treatment was predicted by age, first arrest age, and type of parole status (Cox regression p<.05), but not by treatment group. Providing incentives did not increase the likelihood that parolees enrolled in or stayed in community treatment. In light of this finding, criminal justice practitioners who are considering incentives to increase admission or retention should be aware that they may not produce the desired outcomes.

Preclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is commonly associated with left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and LV hypertrophy. We sought to examine whether preclinical LV diastolic dysfunction can occur independent of LV hypertrophy in MS. We recruited 90 consecutive participants with MS and without cardiovascular disease (mean age 46 years, 78% women) and 26 controls (no risk factors for MS; mean age 43 years, 65% women). Participants underwent echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging. In age- and gender-adjusted analyses, MS was associated with higher left atrial (LA) diameter, higher LV mass, lower E/A ratio, and lower mean e' (p <0.001 for all). These associations remained significant after further adjusting for blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and body mass index. After adjusting for LV mass, MS remained independently associated with higher LA diameter, lower E/A ratio, and lower mean e' (p ≤0.01 for all). Specifically, subjects with MS had a 1.8 cm/s lower mean e' compared with controls (p = 0.01). Notably, differences in mean e' between those with and without MS were more pronounced at younger ages (p for interaction = 0.003). In conclusion, MS was associated with preclinical LV diastolic dysfunction independent of LV mass, as reflected by higher LA diameter, lower E/A ratio, and lower mean e'. This suggests that MS can lead to the development of diastolic dysfunction through mechanisms independent of hypertrophy. Differences in diastolic function were more pronounced at younger ages, highlighting the potential importance of early risk factor modification and preventive strategies in MS.

Relaxin: a new approach for the treatment of acute congestive heart failure.

Relaxin, a naturally-occurring hormone in the insulin family, was discovered to have a physiologic role in pregnancy. Named initially for its relaxing effect on the pubic ligament, relaxin receptors have since been found to be widely distributed in many organs in both males and females. Acting through multiple pathways, including the stimulation of gelatinases leading to activation of endothelin type B receptors and subsequently nitric oxide, relaxin has been shown to cause vasodilation. In animal models and studies in humans, relaxin has been shown to increase cardiac output and renal perfusion. Due to these effects, relaxin has been examined as a treatment for acute heart failure. The results of phase I and II trials have shown favorable clinical trends without any major adverse events, suggesting that relaxin has the potential to be an effective medication for acute heart failure in conjunction with or in place of current treatments.

The randomized controlled trial: gold standard, or merely standard?

The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is not a gold standard: it is a good experimental design in some circumstances, but that's all. Potential shortcomings in the design and implementation of RCTs are often mentioned in passing, yet most researchers consider that RCTs are always superior to all other types of evidence. This paper examines the limitations of RCTs and shows that some types of evidence commonly supposed to be inferior to all RCTs are actually superior to many. This has important consequences for research methodology, for quality of care in clinical medicine, and--especially--for research funding policy. Because every study design may have problems in particular applications, studies should be evaluated by appropriate criteria, and not primarily according to the simplistic RCT/non-RCT dichotomy promoted by some prominent advocates of the evidence-based medicine movement and by the research evaluation guidelines based on its principles.