Teaching dietary counseling skills to residents: patient and physician outcomes. The CADRE Study Group.

Our objective was to determine whether an educational intervention and prompting intervention for physicians improved dietary counseling of patients with high blood cholesterol and resulted in beneficial changes in patients' diets and cholesterol levels. We instituted a factorial design, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test two interventions. We tested the trial at continuity care clinics of internal medicine residents at seven community and university medical centers in the northern and eastern United States. Our participants were 130 internal medicine residents and 254 adult outpatients with blood cholesterol levels of 240-300 mg/dL. Interventions included an educational program for resident physicians designed to improve their skills and confidence in dietary counseling (two one-hour sessions with specially prepared printed materials for use in counseling) and a prompting intervention, which was a fingerstick blood cholesterol determination prior to the patient's clinic visit. Resident physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors were assessed prior to the intervention and 10 months later using chart audits and questionnaires. Residents' behaviors were also assessed by exit interviews with patients. Patients' knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and fingerstick blood cholesterol levels were measured at baseline and 10 months later. The educational program increased the percentage of physicians who were confident in providing effective dietary counseling (baseline of 26% to 67%-78%; P < .01). The prompting intervention approximately doubled the frequency of physician counseling (P = .0005) and increased the likelihood that patients would try to change their diets. When both interventions were combined, most outcomes were better, although not statistically significant. Cholesterol levels, however, decreased only marginally and were no different among groups at 10-month follow-up. Despite success in changing physicians' attitudes and behaviors and increasing patients' willingness to change their diets, there was no significant change in patients' cholesterol levels. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): randomized controlled trial; cholesterol; patient education; behavior therapy; education, medical; diet.

Changing patterns of prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis following elective hip replacement.

The author audited the charts of elective hip replacements at a community hospital over an 18 month period. Initially, aspirin was the most commonly ordered prophylactic agent (31%). Only 15% of patients received an ideal or probably effective prophylactic regimen. After feedback was received by the orthopedists, another audit was performed. Warfarin was the most commonly used agent and 54% of patients received an ideal or probably effective regimen in the follow-up period (P < .0001 compared to initial survey). Although there is still room for further improvement, orthopedists in this community are using more effective regimens to prevent thromboembolism following elective hip surgery.

Dietary counseling of hypercholesterolemic patients by internal medicine residents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of internal medicine residents concerning dietary counseling for hypercholesterolemic patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire survey. SETTING: Survey conducted August 1989 in seven internal medicine residency programs in four southeastern and middle Atlantic states. PARTICIPANTS: All 130 internal medicine residents who were actively participating in outpatient continuity clinic. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Only 32% of the residents felt prepared to provide effective dietary counseling, and only 25% felt successful in helping patients change their diets. Residents had good scientific knowledge, but the degree of practical knowledge about dietary facts varied. Residents reported giving dietary counseling to 58% of their hypercholesterolemic patients and educational materials to only 35%. Residents who felt more self-confident and prepared to counsel reported more frequent use of effective behavior modification techniques in counseling. Forty-three percent of residents had received no training in dietary counseling skills during medical school or residency. CONCLUSION: Internal medicine residents know much more about the rationale for treatment for hypercholesterolemia than about the practical aspects of dietary therapy, and they feel ineffective and ill-prepared to provide dietary counseling to patients.

Validity of the in-training examination for predicting American Board of Internal Medicine certifying examination scores.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the results of the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (ITE) can predict subsequent performance on the American Board of Internal Medicine certifying examination (ABIMCE). DESIGN: Retrospective data review. SETTING: A mixture of six community hospital and university-based internal medicine training programs in the Eastern United States. SUBJECTS: 109 residents who first took the ABIMCE in 1988 or 1989, and who had also taken at least one ITE. MEASUREMENTS: Scores for the composite and subspecialty sections of the ITE were compared with those for the ABIMCE. An R2 was obtained to relate the scores on the two examinations. A cutoff score was derived to maximize the ability of the ITE to discriminate between residents who were likely to pass and those who were likely to fail the ABIMCE. MAIN RESULTS: ABIMCE scores were available for 109 residents who had also taken the ITE during PGY-2 (19), PGY-3 (50), or both years (40). Composite scores on the ABIMCE were highly correlated with those on the ITE-PGY-2 (R2 = 0.593) and the ITE-PGY-3 (R2 = 0.677) (p less than 0.0001 for each). Most of the subspecialty sections on the two examinations were significantly correlated, although less strongly (range of R2 = 0.041 to 0.32) than were the composite scores. An empirically derived cutoff score of the 35th percentile on the ITE-PGY-2 had a positive predictive value of 89% (probability of passing ABIMCE) and a negative predictive value of 83% (probability of failing ABIMCE). CONCLUSIONS: Performance on the ITE can accurately predict and is highly correlated with performance on the ABIMCE. ITE results may therefore be useful in counseling residents about their educational needs in preparation for the ABIMCE.