Breast cancer tissue slices as a model for evaluation of response to rapamycin.

Rapamycin is a selective inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a regulator kinase that integrates growth factors signaling via the phosphoinositide-3-kinase pathway and that has emerged as a novel therapeutic modality in breast cancer (BC). We propose a pre-clinical "ex-vivo" personalized organotypic culture of BC that preserves the microenvironment to evaluate rapamycin-mediated gene expression changes. Freshly excised ductal invasive BC slices, 400 µm thick (n=30), were cultured in the presence or absence (control) of rapamycin (20 nM) for 24 h. Some slices were formalin-fixed for immunohistochemical determinations and some were processed for microarray analysis. Control slices in culture retained their tissue morphology and tissue viability (detected by BrdU uptake). The percentage of proliferating cells (assessed by Ki67) did not change up to 24 h of treatment. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1 and p-S6K1 indicated that AKT/mTOR pathway activation was maintained during cultivation. For microarray analysis, slices were divided into two groups, according to the presence/absence of epidermal growth factor receptor-type 2 and analyzed separately. Limited overlap was seen among differentially expressed genes after treatment (P<0.01) in both groups suggesting different responses to rapamycin between these BC subtypes. Ontology analysis indicated that genes involved in biosynthetic processes were commonly reduced by rapamycin. Our network analysis suggested that concerted expression of these genes might distinguish controls from treated slices. Thus, breast carcinoma slices constitute a suitable physiological tool to evaluate the short-term effects of rapamycin on the gene profile of individual BC samples.

Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutation and tumor characterization: a portrait of early-onset breast cancer in Brazil.

Germline mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 genes have been identified as one of the most important disease-causing issues in young breast cancer patients worldwide. The specific defective biological processes that trigger germline mutation-associated and -negative tumors remain unclear. To delineate an initial portrait of Brazilian early-onset breast cancer, we performed an investigation combining both germline and tumor analysis. Germline screening of the BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2 (c.1100delC) and TP53 genes was performed in 54 unrelated patients <35 y; their tumors were investigated with respect to transcriptional and genomic profiles as well as hormonal receptors and HER2 expression/amplification. Germline mutations were detected in 12 out of 54 patients (22%) [7 in BRCA1 (13%), 4 in BRCA2 (7%) and one in TP53 (2%) gene]. A cancer familial history was present in 31.4% of the unrelated patients, from them 43.7% were carriers for germline mutation (37.5% in BRCA1 and in 6.2% in the BRCA2 genes). Fifty percent of the unrelated patients with hormone receptor-negative tumors carried BRCA1 mutations, percentage increasing to 83% in cases with familial history of cancer. Over-representation of DNA damage-, cellular and cell cycle-related processes was detected in the up-regulated genes of BRCA1/2-associated tumors, whereas cell and embryo development-related processes were over-represented in the up-regulated genes of BRCA1/2-negative tumors, suggesting distinct mechanisms driving the tumorigenesis. An initial portrait of the early-onset breast cancer patients in Brazil was generated pointing out that hormone receptor-negative tumors and positive familial history are two major risk factors for detection of a BRCA1 germline mutation. Additionally, the data revealed molecular factors that potentially trigger the tumor development in young patients.

Avaliação da mudança na expressão gênica em tumores de mama após tratamento com rapamicina / Rapamycin induced transcriptional profile of breast cancer mantained in organ culture

A via AKT/PI3K apresenta-se geralmente alterada nos diversos tipos de cânceres humanos e a alteração dos componentes desta via ocorre através da ativação de oncogenes ou inativação de genes supressores tumorais levando a transformações celulares que podem promover a tumorigênese. No câncer de mama a via AKT/PI3K pode ser ativada por Erb-B2, receptores dos fatores de crescimento de insulina (IGF), receptores de estrógeno e perda da expressão do gene PTEN. mTOR (proteína alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos) é uma serina treonina quinase, membro da via AKT/PI3K que se encontra envolvida em múltiplas funções biológicas como controle da tradução, transcrição, degradação protéica e biogênese ribossomal. A ativação desta proteína resulta na fosforilação e ativação de seus principais substratos 4EBP1 e S6K1, requeridos para a biossíntese ribossomal e tradução de RNAms importantes para controle e progressão no ciclo celular. A rapamicina é uma droga com propriedades fungicidas, imunossupressoras e anticancerígenas que atua na inibição de mTOR afetando a expressão de genes envolvidos no metabolismo e síntese protéica. No nosso estudo avaliamos os elementos da via do AKT através de análise imunoistoquímica em fatias de tumores mantidos em cultura de órgão antes e depois do tratamento com rapamicina. A cultura de órgão mantém uma interação entre o epitélio mamário e estroma podendo-se preservar o microambiente que reconstitui o comportamento da célula tumoral. Nesta análise imunoistoquímica observamos uma diminuição significativa de 4EBP1 nas fatias dos tumores tratados com rapamicina em relação aos casos controles. Além disso, fizemos uma avaliação da mudança no perfil da expressão gênica nestas fatias tumorais sub-divididas em Erb-B2 positivos e negativos através da análise por microarray e observamos que a maioria dos genes afetados estavam envolvidos com as funções de transcrição e tradução celulares...

The AKT/ PI3K pathway are frequently disturbed in many human cancers and the alteration of the components of this pathway occurs through activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppresors leading to cellular transformation that can promove tumorigenesis. In breast cancer the AKT/PI3K pathway can be activated by ERb-B2, the insulin like growth factor (IGF), estrogen receptors and PTEN loss. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) is a serine threonine kinase, member of the AKT/PI3K pathway, which is involved in multiple biologic functions such as transcription, translation, protein degradation and ribosome biogenesis. The activation of this protein results in phosphorilation and activation of S6K1 and 4EBP1, two downstream signaling elements that are required for ribosomal biosynthesis and mRNAs translation, which is important for cell cycle control and progression. Rapamycin is a potent fungicide, immunossupressive and anticancer agent that inhibits mTOR affecting the expression of genes involved in metabolism and protein synthesis. In the present study we examined some elements of AKT pathway by immunohistochemistry analysis in samples of breast cancer mantained in organ culture before and after treatment with rapamycin. The organ culture maintain an interaction between the mammary epithelium and stroma preserving the micro-environment and restoring the tumor cell behavior. In this immunohistochemistry analysis we noticed a significative decrease of 4EBP1 in the samples of tumors treated with rapamycin compared with the control cases. Besides this, we determined the variation of gene expression profile through microarray analysis in these samples subdivided in positive and negative Erb-B2 and we have identified that most part of the affected genes were mainly involved in cellular transcription and translation...