Enantiomeric degradation of 2-(4-Sulfophenyl)Butyrate via 4-sulfocatechol in Delftia acidovorans SPB1.

Enrichment cultures with enantiomeric 2-(4-sulfophenyl)butyrate (SPB) as the sole added source(s) of carbon and energy for growth yielded a pure culture of a degradative bacterium, which was identified as Delftia acidovorans SPB1. The organism utilized the enantiomers sequentially. R-SPB was utilized first (specific growth rate [mu] = 0.28 h(-1)), with transient excretion of an unknown intermediate, which was identified as 4-sulfocatechol (4SC). Utilization of S-SPB was slower (mu = 0.016 h(-1)) and was initiated only after the first enantiomer was exhausted. Suspensions of cells grown in S-SPB excreted 4SC, so metabolism of the two enantiomers converged at 4SC. The latter was degraded by ortho cleavage via 3-sulfo-cis,cis-muconate. Strain SPB1 grew with 4SC and with 1-(4-sulfophenyl)octane (referred to herein as model LAS) but not with commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant, which is subterminally substituted but nontoxic. It would appear that metabolism of the model LAS does not represent metabolism of commercial LAS.

Diastereoselective Ce(OiPr)(3)-Catalyzed Pinacol Couplings of Aldehydes.

Aliphatic aldehydes as well as aromatic aldehydes can be converted by means of cerium-catalyzed pinacol coupling [Eq. (1)]. The coupling reaction products can be isolated with good to very good diastereoselectivities in favor of rac isomers (rac:meso>88:12). R=alkyl, aryl.

[Histochemical study of peroxidase and tyrosinase activities in the cuticle of Protophormia terraenovae]. / Histochemische Aktivitätsuntersuchungen von Peroxidase und Tyrosinase in der Kutikula bei Protophormia terraenovae.

Quantitative histochemical measurements of activities of enzymes were performed by temporal defined stages in development of Protophormia terraenovae. The effect of the specific insecticide of moult Duphar pH 60-38 activity of enzyme was evaluated. Activities of peroxidase and tyrosinase showed parallel oscillations, at which proof of both enzymes was restricted to the cuticle. The insects, treated with insecticide, showed a moulting, dependent on concentration. A transfer of maxima of activities is described.

[Zinc deficiency syndrome during long-term parenteral nutrition in a patient with Crohn's disease and cirrhosis of the liver. Casuistry and zinc-pharmacokinetic (author's transl)]. / Zinkmangelsyndrom während kompletter parenteraler Langzeiternährung bei Morbus Crohn und Lebercirrhose Kasuistik und Zink-Pharmakokinetik.

A 29 year old patient with Crohn's disease and posthepatitic HBsAg-positive cirrhosis developed zinc deficiency in the course of complete parenteral nutrition. Zinc deficiency was proven by a low plasma zinc level of 12 microgram/dl. The daily input of zinc was 0.5 mg as calculated from the zinc concentration of infusion solutions used in parenteral nutrition during 3 1/2 months of treatment. The clinical picutre was that of acrodermatitis enteropathica. Cirrhosis of the liver and Crohn's disease were contributory causes of zinc deficiency. 6 bolus injections of 12-36 mg of zinc (total amount 144 mg) were given during 13 days. The plasma zinc level increased to 60-80 microgram/dl. 52% of the total amount of zinc injected were excreted by urine. The plasma half-life times of zinc were independent from basic zinc concentrations and averaged 1.55 +/- 0.22 h. It is concluded that severe signs of zinc deficiency will develop during parenteral nutrition in the presence of conditions leading to a negative zinc balance. In the case of long-term complete parenteral nutrition zinc should be substituted from the beginning of the treatment on.

Enhanced elimination of warfarin during treatment with cholestyramine.

1 The elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single intravenous dose of warfarin (1.0-1.2 mg/kg) without and with concomitant cholestyramine treatment (about 4 g three times daily) was studied in five healthy male subjects. 2 Cholestyramine treatment decreased the biological half-life of plasma warfarin (from a mean value of 2 days -1.3 days) and increased the total clearance of this drug (from a mean value of 37 ml kg-1 day-1--53 ml kg--1 day--1). 3 The total anticoagulant effect per dose of warfarin, as measured by the area under the effect v time curve, was also reduced by cholestyramine (average reduction of about 25%). 4 Warfarin possibly undergoes enterohepatic recycling in man which can be interrupted by cholestyramine.

Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of phenprocoumon by cholestyramine.

The effect of cholestyramine (12 gm/day divided into 3 doses) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single intravenouse dose (30 mg) of phenprocoumon was studied in 6 normal subjects. Cholestyramine treatment led to an increase in the rate of elimination of phenprocoumon in all. Total clearance increased 1.5- to 2-fold. The total anticoagulant effect per dose was considerably reduced during treatment with cholestyramine. Binding studies in vitro showed that phenprocoumon is strongly bound to cholestyramine and that at a given cholestyramine concentration the percentage of phenprocoumon bound remained constant over a large concentration range of phenprocoumon. The results suggest that phenprocoumon undergoes extensive enterohepatic recycling in man which can be effectively interrupted by cholestyramine.

Interference by acetaminophen in the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for blood glucose determination.

Acetaminophen, p-aminophenol, and oxyphenbutazone interfere with the glucose oxidase/peroxidase method for glucose. Structurally related compounds that lack a free phenolic hydroxyl group (acetanilide, aniline, and phenylbutazone) do not interfere. During the analytical procedure acetaminophen is consumed. One mole of acetaminophen leads to an apparent loss of four moles of glucose. The hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method (Boehringer Hexokinase method) is not affected by these substances.

Pharmacokinetic analysis of the interaction between dicoumarol and tolbutamide in man.

The effect of repeated administration of tolbutamide on the elimination and anticoagulant action of a single oral dose of dicoumarol 600 mg was studied in four healthy male subjects using a crossover design. In all subjects the plasma concentration of dicoumarol in the postabsorptive phase was lower during concomitant tolbutamide treatment. However, the subjects differed with respect to the elimination kinetics of dicoumarol and the effect of tolbutamide on some of the measured pharmacokinetic paramaters. In two subjects dicoumarol was eliminated by apparent first-order kinetics. Tolbutamide led to a pronounced increase in the elimination rate and a shift in the plasma concentration-response relationship towards a lower concentration of dicoumarol. The total hypoprothrombinaemic effect per dose of dicoumarol was not affected. The decline in the dicoumarol concentration in plasma in the other two subjects was concentration-dependent. Apparent first-order kinetics were observed only at plasma concentrations below 10 mg/L. Tolbutamide treatment did not markedly affect the slope of the terminal portion of the plasma concentration vs. time curve, but diminished the area under the total curve. The plasma concentration-response relationship of dicoumarol was not affected by tolbutamide, but there was a small decrease in the area under the anticoagulant effect vs. time curve. The plateau level of tolbutamide in plasma increased considerable in all subjects after administration of one dose of dicoumarol. Thus, simultaneous administration of tolbutamide and dicoumarol to man often causes no changes in the anticoagulant activity of dicoumarol, but this is due not to lack of interaction of the drugs but to the complexity of their interactions, involving processes that may counteract each other.

[Effect of insecticides on larvae of Musca domestica in swine manure],. / Zur Qirkung von Insektiziden auf Larven von Musca domestica im Schweinedung.

The effectiveness of four inorganic compounds and six preparations of insecticides was examined on larvae of Musca domestica in pig manure. The activity of sodiumfluoride and chlorinated hydrocarbons was low. Carbaryl indicated better effect. Good to very good results showed trichlofon and bromophos and the inorganic compounds sodium hexafluorsilicate, sodium tetraborate and calcium cyanamid. The influence of calcium cyanamid and sodium tetraborate led to considerable morphological deformations of pupae. With the latter compound and with fluorides a distinct prolongation of period of development was established in comparison with control. The effect of trichlorfon and bromophos decomposes rapily in pig manure. With trichlorfon an indirect ovicide effect was observed.

The enantiomers of phenprocoumon: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies.

The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the optical enantiomers of phenprocoumon were studied in 5 normal subjects and compared to the racemic mixture. Each subject received a single oral dose of 0.6 mg/kg of racemic, S(-), and R(+) phenprocoumon. S(-) phenprocoumon was 1.6 to 2.6 times as a potent as R(+) phenprocoumon when the area under the effect/time curve was used to quantify the total anticoagulant effect per dose. Comparing the plasma concentrations that elicited the same anticoagulant effect, S(-) phenprocoumon was 1.5 to 2.5 times as potent as R(+) phenprocoumon. The anticoagulant activity of the racemic mixture was between that of the enantiomers. There was no distinct difference in the rate of elimination between the enantiomers. The apparent volume of distribution and the plasma clearance for S(-) phenprocoumon were less than those for R(+) phenprocoumon. When the binding of the enantiomers to human serum albumin was compared, S(-) phenprocoumon was more highly bound than R(+) phenprocoumon. The protein binding of racemic phenprocoumon was between that of the enantiomers. The results show that S(-) phenprocoumon is more potent anticoagulant than R(+) phenprocoumon and that the pharmacokinetic differences between the enantiomers are due mainly to differences in their distribution.