ABSTRACT
In tumor cells of more than 20 different cancer types, the CXCR4-CXCL12-axis is involved in multiple key processes including proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Since data on this axis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are inconsistent and limited, we comprehensively studied the CXCR4-CXCL12-axis in our DLBCL cohort as well as the effects of CXCR4 antagonists on lymphoma cell lines in vitro. In DLBCL, we observed a 140-fold higher CXCR4 expression compared to non-neoplastic controls, which was associated with poor clinical outcome. In corresponding bone marrow biopsies, we observed a correlation of CXCL12 expression and lymphoma infiltration rate as well as a reduction of CXCR4 expression in remission of bone marrow involvement after treatment. Additionally, we investigated the effects of three CXCR4 antagonists in vitro. Therefore, we used AMD3100 (Plerixafor), AMD070 (Mavorixafor), and WKI, the niacin derivative of AMD070, which we synthesized. WK1 demonstrated stronger pro-apoptotic effects than AMD070 in vitro and induced expression of pro-apoptotic genes of the BCL2-family in CXCR4-positive lymphoma cell lines. Finally, WK1 treatment resulted in the reduced expression of JNK-, ERK1/2- and NF-κB/BCR-target genes. These data indicate that the CXCR4-CXCL12-axis impacts the pathogenesis of DLBCL and represents a potential therapeutic target in aggressive lymphomas.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/drug effects , Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism , Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Aminoquinolines , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Benzimidazoles , Biomarkers , Butylamines , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Chemokine CXCL12/genetics , Exons , Female , Gene Expression , Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/pharmacology , Humans , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology , Male , Mutation , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, CXCR4/geneticsSubject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcriptome , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/pathology , Female , Humans , Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism , Male , Multigene Family , Prognosis , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk for acquisition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from occupational exposure. This can be prevented by active immunization. We performed a retrospective chart review of HCW who were persistent low (anti-HBs antibody values <100 U/L) or non responders (<10 U/L) after 6 active immunizations and demonstrate successful immunization (anti-HBs ≥100 U/l) after a total of 8-14 vaccine doses in 13 such HCW by use of various vaccination schedules. This "proof of principle" should encourage occupational health care providers to convince HCW to accept further vaccine doses until the targeted threshold considered to be the correlate of immunity has been reached. Prospective studies should be performed to determine the optimal schedule of further booster doses for HCW who are persistent non or low responders.
