[EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE VIABILITY OF PLANKTON CELLS AND MODEL LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA BIOFILMS IN WATER].

AIM: Study the effect of water temperature from 40 to 70 degrees C on viability of plankton forms and model Legionella pneumophila under experimental conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monospecies legionella biofilms, obtained in plates for enzyme immunoassay during 96 hours at 28 degrees C, and water suspension of BCYE agar cultivated cells of L. pneumophila at a concentration of 10(3) - 10(5) CFU per liter were used in the study for evaluation of bactericidal effect of temperature on various legionella forms. RESULTS: Analysis of effects of various temperature regimens on plankton forms and model legionella biofilms has shown that at a temperature range from 50 to 60 degrees C a significant reduction of quantity of viable legionella cells occurs. Model legionella biofilms have partially conserved viability at a temperature of 60 degrees C and only exposition to a temperature of 70 degrees C resulted in death of legionella biofilms and plankton forms of bacteria. A dependence of viability conservation of legionella from the initial concentration of the causative agent in water and duration of exposition at varying temperature was shown. CONCLUSION: Short-term heating at a temperature of at least 70 degrees C has the most pronounced bactericidal effect on plankton forms and model L. pneumophila biofilms under experimental conditions. Such temperature regimen could be used as one of the prophylaxis approaches during maintenance of especially dangerous water system and, fist of all, systems of hot water supply.

[About the estimation of non specific protective effect of vaccination against infections actual for military personnel].

Flue and other respiratory diseases morbidity of servicemen of training students are researched. Epidemiological and economic effectiveness of flue vaccine "Bakcuspun" (Vaksigrip) is estimated. Its non-specific protective effect in case of acute respiratory diseases and pyodermia is shown.

[Examination of the contamination aetiological agent of legionellosis in the water supply systems of medical treatment facilities].

This study considers the features of colonization of water distribution systems by Legionella in large multi-type health-care facilities in Moscow-city, Russia. The investigation of 16 pavilions in 5 multi-type health-care facilities had found the hith level of hot water systems contaminated by Legionella pneumophila (68%), including the risk units. Among the different species of Legionella pneumophila, circulating in hot water systems of health-care facilities, the following strains had prevailed: the serogroup 6 (44%), 5 (26%) and 1 (13%). The findings conclude that certain prevention measures should be taken for microbial control and ensuring water safety in water systems of health-care facilities to prevent the nosocomial cases of legionellosis.

[Serologic characteristic of Legionella pneumophila strains isolated from potentially dangerous water systems in Russian Federation in 2007 - 2011].

AIM: Study serologic diversity of Legionella pneumophila strains circulating in potentially dangerous water systems in Russian Federation by using an international panel of monoclonal antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serotyping of 234 L. pneumophila strains isolated from coolers of industrial facilities and systems of hot water supply in Russian Federation in 2007 - 2011 was performed by enzyme immunoassay by using an international panel of monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Membership of the isolated strains in 14 L. pneumophila serogroups and in 7 subgroups of serogroup 1 was established. Among the isolated cultures serogroup 1 and 6, and Oxford and Heysham subgroup strains were predominant. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains were predominant in cooler water, and serogroup 6--in the hot water supply systems. 7 L. pneumophila strains of the serogroup 1 were typed by monoclone MAb 3/1 associated with LPS epitope that is characteristic for the most epidemically significant legionella strains. CONCLUSION: Typing by using international panel of monoclonal antibodies for characteristic and evaluation of epidemical significance of legionella strains being isolated form potentially dangerous water systems is the most informative and methodically accessible to a wide range of biological laboratories.

[About non-specific prophylaxis of infections typical for organized groups].

Respiratory tract infections and pyodermia are typical for personnel doing military service under conscription. Risk of progression of these infections is connected with activation of carry-over of causative agents among military personnel during replacement and decrease in immunity of conscripts. Usage of medication "Karmolis Kapli" for the purpose of prophylaxis allows to reduce cases of respiratory tract infections among the military personnel. Among the military servicemen who had take "Karmolis Kapli" was noted reduction of community-acquired pneumonia, tonsillitis and pyodermia morbidity. Non-specific protective effect of medication "Karmolis Kapli" is conditioned by increase of the common resistance of the body. For the purpose of prophylaxis it is necessary to use this medication during the personnel formation before the beginning of seasonal morbidity.

[Estimation of morbidity rates in relation to living conditions].

The scientific and practical evaluation of the cumulative influence of environmental factors on human health presents certain difficulties as the establishment of the level of individual health is methodologically inadequately developed. By employing the clinical studies only, the existing prophylactic medical examination system enables one to detect only the early signs of diseases. Estimating the level of human health should be complemented with criteria for prenosological diagnosis along with the assessment of individual living conditions to enhance the objectivity of determining the population's health status and to elaborate hygienically founded prophylactic measures.

[Intralaboratory monitoring of the quality of sanitary-and-hygienic studies].

The authors shows their experience in organizing a quality system in order to verify the competence of a laboratory and to ensure the validity of study results in the Sanitary Laboratory of the Branch of the Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Moscow in the Central Administrative District of Moscow in accordance with the GOST requirements 17025-2006 "General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories".

[Methodic bases for providing the population and potentially dangerous water objects with biosafety against the pathogens of Legionellosis].

The paper considers the key aspects of the ecology of Legionella determining the increasing role of the pathogen in the emergence of human infectious diseases in postinduatrial society. Formation of Legionella biofilms on potentially dangerous water objects with possible further aerosol or aspiration transmission of the pathogen may lead to large epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases of the infection. Based on international experience and the results of their studies, the authors propose a current legionellosis prevention concept based on microbiological monitoring and control of potentially dangerous water objects.

[Rate and level of contamination of potentially dangerous water supply facilities in Moscow region by Legionella pneumophila].

AIM: To assess rate and level of contamination by Legionella pneumophila of cooling water systems in industrial facilities as well as hot water supply systems of administrative buildings in Moscow region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cooling water systems of 8 industrial facilities and hot water supply systems of 12 administrative buildings or complexes located in Moscow or Moscow region were examined. Samples of water, washes and biofilms were studied by bacteriologic methods and RT-PCR. Results. Significant level of contamination of water systems by L. pneumophila was revealed in examined objects. Rate of contamination of cooling water systems in industrial facilities was 70%. The agent was detected in stagnant, end-capped, and rarely used segments of all hot water supply systems during decrease of water temperature to 36-52 degrees C. Visual detection of natural biofilms on the object correlated with high concentration of L. pneumophila in water samples. In some cases, associations of L. pneumophila with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected, including water samples from supply systems of 2 healthcare facilities. CONCLUSION: Obtained results confirm the importance of implementation of modem concept of legionellosis prevention in our country, based on regular quantitative monitoring for Legionella in potentially dangerous water objects and conduction of preventative measures if contamination exceeds acceptable level.