Single-atom nanozymes: classification, regulation strategy, and safety concerns.

Nanozymes, nanomaterials possessing enzymatic activity, have been studied extensively by researchers. However, their complex composition, low density of active sites, and inadequate substrate selectivity have hindered the maturation and widespread acceptance of nanozymes. Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with atomically dispersed active sites are leading the field of catalysis due to their exceptional performance. The maximum utilization rate of atoms, low cost, well-defined coordination structure, and active sites are the most prominent advantages of SAzymes that researchers favor. This review systematically categorizes SAzymes based on their support type and describes their specific applications. Additionally, we discuss regulation strategies for SAzyme activity and provide a comprehensive summary of biosafety challenges associated with these enzymes.

Recent advances in g-C3N4-based photo-enzyme catalysts for degrading organic pollutants.

In recent years, photocatalytic reactions have shown great potential in degrading organic pollutants because of their simple operation and no secondary pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the most frequently used photocatalyst materials in the field of photocatalysis because it is a form of photocatalytic material with facile synthesis, no metal, visible light response, and strong stability. Enzyme-catalyzed degradation has received extensive attention due to its broad selectivity, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), one of several oxidoreductases utilized for pollutant degradation, has a wide range of applications due to its mild reaction conditions and high stability. Exploring efficient platforms for immobilizing g-C3N4 and HRP to develop photo-enzyme-coupled catalysis is an attractive practical topic. The coupling effect of g-C3N4 and HRP improves the carrier separation efficiency and generates more active species, which finally realize the solar-driven non-selective destruction of organic pollutants. We describe the alteration of g-C3N4 and the immobilization of HRP in detail in this study, and we outline recent developments in the photo-enzyme coupling of g-C3N4 and HRP.

Development of Prognostic Prediction Model to Estimate Mortality for Frail Oldest Old: Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to derive and validate a prognostic prediction model for individualized estimation of mortality risk among the frail oldest old (aged 80 years or older). METHODS: This analysis was based on the prospective open cohort study from the Chinese Longevity and Health Longitudinal Survey. A total of 14 118 frail oldest old were included from the 2002 wave to 2014 waves; the study outcome was all-cause mortality. Available predictors included frailty, demographics, and social factors. Cox models were used to estimate the coefficients of the predictors and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator was used for selecting predictors. Model performance was measured by discrimination and calibration with internal validation by bootstrapping. We also developed a nomogram to visualize and predict the 3-year mortality risk based on the obtained prognostic prediction model. RESULTS: During the 16-years follow-up, 10 410 (76.42%) deaths were identified. The final model comprises the following factors: frailty, age, sex, race, birthplace, education, occupation, marital status, residence, economic condition, number of children, and the question "who do you ask for help first when in trouble." The model has valid predictive ability as measured and validated by Harrell's C statistic (0.602) and calibration plots. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a basic prognostic prediction model to quantify absolute mortality risk for the frail oldest old. Future studies are needed, firstly, to update, adjust, and perform external validation of the present model by using phenotypic frailty, and secondly, to add biomarkers, environmental, and psychological factors to the prediction model.

Co-immobilized bienzyme of horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase on dopamine-modified cellulose-chitosan composite beads as a high-efficiency biocatalyst for degradation of acridine.

Co-immobilized bienzyme biocatalysts are attracting increasing interest in the field of wastewater treatment due to their widespread application. In this study, we successfully prepared a co-immobilized bienzyme biocatalyst by immobilizing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and glucose oxidase (GOD) on dopamine (DA) modified cellulose (Ce)-chitosan (Cs) composite beads via covalent binding, designated as Ce-Cs@DA/HRP-GOD beads, and found that the bienzyme biocatalyst had a good ability to catalytically degrade acridine in wastewater. SEM, EPR, FTIR, and XRD were used to characterise the structure and properties of the Ce-Cs@DA/HRP-GOD beads. The co-immobilized bienzyme biocatalyst with a small amount of HRP exhibited better degradation efficiency for acridine (99.5%, 8 h) in simulated wastewater compared to the Ce-Cs@DA/HRP (93.8%, 8 h) and Ce-Cs@DA/GOD (15.8%, 8 h) beads alone. In addition, a reusability study showed that the co-immobilized bienzyme biocatalyst maintained a degradation rate of 61.2% after six cycles of acridine degradation. The good biodegradability and reusability of the biocatalyst might be due to the synergistic effect of bienzyme HRP-GOD, including the strong covalent bonding. Accordingly, the co-immobilized bienzyme biocatalyst based on the cascade reaction may pave the way for efficient and eco-friendly treatment of industrial wastewater.

Ways of HIV transmission in China: The effect of age, period, and cohort.

Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global pandemic caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through human behaviors, such as sexual intercourse, intravenous drug injection, and blood transfusion. Rare studies have focused on the evaluation of the effects of culture, society, and HIV-related policies in adjusting people's HIV-related behaviors, i.e., ways of HIV transmission. Methods: By taking the new HIV infections in Hubei Province each year from 1995 to 2020 as the sample, our study used the Hierarchical Age-Period-Cohort (HAPC) model to analyze the effects of age, period, and cohort on the trends of ways of HIV transmission. Results: From 1995 to 2020, the number of new HIV infections in Hubei presented a general upward trend. A total of 34,636 HIV infections were reported during this period. According to the statistics of the new HIV infections in Hubei Province between 1995 and 2020, there is a negative correlation between age (-0.099, p < 0.001), squared age (-0.002, p < 0.001), and the rate of blood transmission. While there is a positive correlation between age (0.143, p < 0.001), squared age (0.002, p < 0.001), and the rate of HIV infection through sexual transmission. The significant period and cohort effects on ways of HIV transmission were also observed in the Chinese population. Conclusion: Sexual and blood transmission are the two main ways of HIV infection in China and Hubei. The trend of blood transmission is in accordance with the wave of blood trade in the early 1990s in China. The trend of sexual transmission indicates an increasing need to promote safer sexual behavior among the older population and later generations and design more tailored, innovative, and diverse HIV prevention strategies, especially for the high-risk groups.

The nomogram for the prediction of overall survival in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma undergoing primary site surgery: A retrospective population-based study.

Background: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common type of Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Distant metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma reduces the survival rate. we aim to develop a nomogram in order to predict the survival of patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively collected patients who were initially diagnosed as metastatic LUAD from 2010 to 2015 from SEER database. Based on the multivariate and univariate Cox regression analysis of the training cohorts, independent prognostic factors were assessed. The nomogram prediction model was then constructed based on these prognostic factors to predict the overall survival at 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Nomogram were identified and calibrated by c-index, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve (time-dependent AUC) and calibration curve. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to quantify the net benefit of the nomogram at different threshold probabilities, and to better compare with the TNM staging system, we calculated the c-index of this nomogram as well as the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Result: A total of 1102 patients with metastatic LUAD who met the requirements were included for analysis. They were randomly divided into 774 in the training cohorts and 328 in the validation cohorts. As can be seen from the calibration plots, the predicted nomogram and the actual observations in both of the training and validation cohorts were generally consistent. The time dependent AUC values of 12 months, 24 months and 36 months were 0.707, 0.674 and 0.686 in the training cohorts and 0.690, 0.680 and 0.688 in the verification cohorts, respectively. C-indexes for the training and validation cohorts were 0.653 (95%CI 0.626-0.68)and 0.663 (95%CI 0.626-1), respectively. NRI and IDI show that the model is more clinical applicable than the existing staging system. In addition, our risk scoring system based on Kaplan Meier (K-M) survival curve can accurately divide patients into three hierarchy risk groups. Conclusion: This has led to the development and validation of a prognostic nomogram to assist clinicians in determining the prognosis of patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma after primary site surgery.

Effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence of frailty in Chinese older adults from 2002 to 2014.

Background: Currently, longitudinal studies on frailty are in an early stage, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Only one study was conducted in Hong Kong to examine age-period-cohort effects on the prevalence of frailty among Chinese older adults. Objectives: This study aims to shed light on the prevalence trajectory of frailty among older adults in mainland China through the APC model and to analyze the effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence trajectory. Methods: The sample for this study was older adults aged 65-109 years old from the 2002 to 2014 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Frailty status was measured by Rockwood FI. An age-period-cohort model was used to describe the effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence trajectory of frailty. Results: The prevalence of frailty among Chinese older adults changed significantly with age, period, and cohort. Furthermore, the effect of age was much stronger than the effect of period and cohort. The prevalence of frailty in the 101-103 and 104-106 age groups was 8.998 (95% CI 13.667-5.924) and 8.699 (95% CI 13.037-5.805) times higher than the in the 65-67 age group, respectively. The sensitivity analysis based on Fried's frailty phenotype showed similar results, confirming the robustness of our findings. Conclusion: All of the age effect reflecting the individual aging process, period effect reflecting change in the social environment, and birth cohort effect reflecting different generations could influence the prevalence of frailty at the population level. In contrast, the age effect was the main effect.

Frailty Risk Prediction Model among Older Adults: A Chinese Nation-Wide Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies have been performed on frailty, but rarely do studies explore the integrated impact of socio-demographic, behavioural and social support factors on frailty. This study aims to establish a comprehensive frailty risk prediction model including multiple risk factors. METHODS: The 2018 wave of the Chinese Longevity and Health Longitudinal Survey was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the relationship between frailty and multiple risk factors and establish the frailty risk prediction model. A nomogram was utilized to illustrate the prediction model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve were used to appraise the prediction model. RESULTS: Variables from socio-demographic, social support and behavioural dimensions were included in the final frailty risk prediction model. Risk factors include older age, working as professionals and technicians before 60 years old, poor economic condition and poor oral hygiene. Protective factors include eating rice as a staple food, regular exercise, having a spouse as the first person to share thoughts with, doing physical examination once a year and not needing a caregiver when ill. The AUC (0.881), Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.618), and calibration curve showed that the risk prediction model was valid. CONCLUSION: Risk factors from socio-demographic, behavioural and social support dimensions had a comprehensive effect on frailty, further supporting that a comprehensive and individualized intervention is necessary to prevent frailty.

Correction: Recent developments of a co-immobilized laccase-mediator system: a review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D1RA05104K.].

Cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the nurse-specific end-of-life professional caregiver survey: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nurses' palliative and hospice care-specific education is associated with the quality of palliative and hospice care that influences health outcomes of patients with life-limiting illnesses and their caregivers. However, China lacks measures available to assess nurses' educational needs in palliative and hospice care. The End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey (EPCS) is a psychometrically reliable self-reporting scale to measure multidisciplinary professionals' palliative and hospice care educational needs. This study was performed to explore the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the EPCS (EPCS-C) among Chinese nurses. METHODS: We translated and culturally adapted the EPCS into Chinese based on Beaton and colleagues' instrument adaptation process. A cross-sectional study design was used. We recruited 312 nurses from 1482 nurses in a tertiary hospital in central China using convenience sampling to complete the study. Participants completed the EPCS-C and a demographic questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to test and verify the construct validity of the nurse-specific EPCS-C. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to appraise the reliability of the nurse-specific EPCS-C. RESULTS: A three-factor structure of EPCS-C was determined, including cultural, ethical, and national values; patient- and family-centered communication; and effective care delivery. The exploratory factor analysis explained 70.82% of the total variances. The 3-factor solution of the nurse-specific EPCS-C had a satisfactory model fit: χ2 = 537.96, χ2/df = 2.96, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.079, IFI = 0.94, and GFI = 0.86. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the overall questionnaire was 0.96. CONCLUSIONS: The nurse-specific EPCS-C showed satisfactory reliability and validity to assess nurses' palliative and hospice care educational need. Further research is required to verify the reliability and validity of the EPCS-C in a larger sample, especially the criterion-related validity.

Recent developments of a co-immobilized laccase-mediator system: a review.

The laccase-mediator is a promising biocatalyst with many possible applications, including bioremediation, chemical synthesis, biobleaching of paper pulp, biosensing, textile finishing and wine stabilization. The immobilization of laccase and the mediator offers several improvements for laccase-mediator system applications because the storage and operational stabilities are frequently enhanced. Moreover, the reusability of the immobilized laccase and mediator represents a great advantage compared with the free laccase and mediator. In this work, we review the methods of co-immobilization of the laccase-mediator system for the first time systematically and comprehensively. In addition, we discuss the different methodologies of laccase and mediator immobilization that have been reported.

A novel approach to efficient degradation of indole using co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde as biocatalyst.

Biocatalytic degradation technology has received a great deal of attention in water treatment because of its advantages of high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and no secondary pollution. Herein, for the first time, horseradish peroxidase and mediator syringaldehyde were co-immobilized into functionalized calcium alginate composite beads grafted with glycidyl methacrylate and dopamine. The resultant biocatalyst of the co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde system has displayed excellent catalytic performance to degrade indole in water. The degradation rate of 100% was achieved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide even if the indole concentration was changing from 25 mg/L to 500 mg/L. If only the free enzyme was used under the identical water treatment conditions, the degradation of indole could hardly be observed even when the concentration of indole is low at 25 mg/L. This was attributed to the effective co-immobilization of the enzyme and the mediator so that the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase and the synergistic catalytic action of syringaldehyde could be fully developed. Furthermore, while the spherical catalyst was operated in succession and reused for four cycles in 50 mg/L indole solution, the degradation rate remained 91.8% due to its considerable reusability. This research demonstrated and provided a novel biocatalytic approach to degrade indole in water by the co-immobilized horseradish peroxidase-syringaldehyde system as biocatalyst.

Laccase-mediator system assembling co-immobilized onto functionalized calcium alginate beads and its high-efficiency catalytic degradation for acridine.

A heterogeneous bead-shaped biocatalyst was prepared by assembling co-immobilization of encapsulating mediator 2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) into the functionalized calcium alginate composite beads by grafting glycidyl methacrylate and dopamine and then immobilizing laccase covalently onto beads. The enzyme-catalyzed degradation for acridine in water was systematically studied for the first time, and it was found that the co-immobilized laccase-mediator system has excellent capability to degrade acridine in water. Treating 30 mg/L acridine aqueous solution for 8 h with the biocatalyst, the degradation rate of acridine reached 100 %. In contrast, the degradation of acridine by free laccase under the same treatment conditions was low and difficult to observe. Its outstanding catalytic activity could be attributed to the effective assembling co-immobilization of laccase and the mediator so that the catalytic activity of the enzyme and the synergistic promoting action of the mediator have been given full play in the process of acridine degradation. The beaded biocatalyst about 3 mm in diameter could be easily recovered and reused several times without obvious deterioration in catalytic activity. Furthermore, according to the test results of electron paramagnetic resonance and the identified intermediates, the possible biocatalytic mechanism and reaction pathways for acridine degradation have been proposed.

Dose-response Relationship between Sleep and Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objectives: In this study, we explored the association between sleep quality, duration and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) among low-income adults in rural areas of China. Methods: Face-to-face investigation were conducted in 2017, and completed questionnaires were obtained from 16,648 individuals. Sleep quality and duration were evaluated using the standard Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RA was based on self-reported physician diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline models were performed. Results: Sleep duration shorter than 7 hours was associated with increased odds of RA, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.49 for 6-<7 hours and 1.70 for <6 hours. Poor sleep quality was associated with RA, with an OR of 1.68. The combination category of poor sleep quality and any group of sleep duration was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing RA. Combined groups of good sleep quality with short sleep duration (<7 hours) were also found to be related to prevalence of RA. There was a non-linear relationship between sleep quality, duration and the odds of RA. Conclusions: Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration may be trigger or risk factors for RA.

Sleep quality, sleep duration, and their association with hypertension prevalence among low-income oldest-old in a rural area of China: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship among sleep quality, sleep duration and hypertension prevalence is controversial in different age groups and genders. This study aimed to investigate sleep quality, sleep duration and their association with hypertension prevalence among low-income oldest-old in a rural area of China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of 1066 adults aged 80-99 years in 2017. Logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among males, sleep durations of <6 h and 6-<7 h were significantly associated with hypertension prevalence, with odds ratios (ORs) of 3.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37 to 7.23) and 2.38 (95% CI 1.22 to 4.63), respectively. Among females, only the sleep duration of <6 h was associated with increased OR of hypertension of 3.49 (95% CI 1.50 to 8.09). Poor sleep quality was associated with hypertension for both genders (ORmen 1.67, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.49; ORwomen 1.91, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.82). For women, a combination of poor sleep quality and any group of sleep duration, except for 7-<8 h, was associated with higher hypertension prevalence. For men, only the combination of poor sleep quality and short sleep duration (<7 h) was associated with high hypertension prevalence. CONCLUSION: Short sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with hypertension prevalence of oldest-old. The prevention of hypertension in older adults should be investigated from the perspective of sleep improvement.

Association between the number of teeth and frailty among Chinese older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between the number of teeth and frailty among older Chinese adults using a nationally representative sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis was carried out using the 2014 wave data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, which used a targeted random-sampling design. SETTING: This research was conducted in communities from nearly half of the counties and cities in 22 out of 31 provinces throughout China. PARTICIPANTS: Of the 6934 interviewees aged ≥65 years, the final analysis included 3635 older adults who had completed the 2014 wave survey on the variables included in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome variables included frailty, measured by the Frailty Index, and number of teeth. Covariates included demographic characteristics (ie, age, sex, co-residence, marital status, years of education and financial support), body mass index (BMI) and health behaviours (ie, smoking, drinking and exercise). A univariate logistic regression was used to test the factors associated with frailty. A multiple logistic regression model was used, using the frailty score as the dependent variable and the number of teeth together with significant covariates as the independent variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of frailty was 27.68%. The mean number of teeth present was 9.23 (SD=10.03). The multiple logistic regression showed that older adults' demographic variables, health behaviours, BMI, tooth number and chewing pain were significantly associated with frailty. After adjusting for the covariates, older adults with fewer teeth had significantly higher odds of frailty than those with 20 or more teeth (no teeth: OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.80; 1 to 10 teeth: OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.38), except for older adults with 11 to 20 teeth (OR=1.30, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.82). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of fewer teeth is significantly associated with frailty status among older Chinese adults. Future studies are needed to explain the specific mechanisms underlying how oral health status is associated with frailty.

Evaluating the Effect of Comprehensive Intervention on Cerebro-Vascular Function in Population at High Risk of Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Today there exists few intervention researches on cerebro-vascular function in populations at high risk of stroke in China. METHODS: Patients more than 40 years old, with at least 1 of stroke risk factors were recruited from outpatient department in 3 hospitals. A quasi-experimental design was performed by assigning participants into 3 groups: comprehensive intervention group, health education group, and control group. Participants in the control group received no intervention but were informed of risk factors of stroke. For health education group, a health education class was performed. Except to the health education program, participants in the comprehensive intervention group received an additional health life and behavior guidance. RESULTS: After the intervention, the Cerebro-Vascular Function Scores (CVFS) had significant differences among 3 groups (F = 5.252, P < 0.05). There was a significant increase in CVFS compared to the control group (P = 0.003, 95%CI: 1.552-8.493). Significantly changes in obesity were observed in comprehensive intervention group before and after the intervention (χ2 = 9.0747, P = 0.0026). The results of logistic regression showed that comprehensive intervention group had a significant decrease in prevalence of obesity (OR = 0.482, 95% CI: 0.242-0.961) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Health education on stroke in a high-risk population combined with guidance on proper health life and behavior can be effective in preventing stroke.

Analysis of Scientific Collaboration Networks among Authors, Institutions, and Countries Studying Adolescent Myopia Prevention and Control: A Review Article.

BACKGROUND: Studies related to the prevention and control of myopia in adolescents have increased rapidly, but only a few have measured the levels of scientific collaboration among authors, institutions and countries in this field. Thus, in this study, we aimed to reveal the status and levels of scientific collaboration in this field. METHODS: The research population included all published papers in the field of adolescent myopia prevention and control indexed in the Web of Science databases from 1997-2016. The co-authorship networks were drawn using SATI (Statistical Analysis Toolkit for Informetrics), Ucinet and VOS viewer (Visualisation of Similarities viewer). Active authors and some measures of co-author network, including degree centrality, closeness, betweenness, density and diameter, were also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 610 records were obtained, and a number of publications developed through an increase in different collaboration types, with cooperation among authors and institutions as the most apparent ones. The top ten active authors and institutions were identified. The density of cooperative networks of the top 70 authors and the first 69 institutions were 0.043 and 0.011, respectively, with corresponding diameters of five and six, respectively. Seven distinct clusters formed the cooperation network among 38 countries. The top three clusters were centered in China, the United States and Australia, also identified as the most productive countries. CONCLUSION: The flow of information is slow and the collaboration among authors and institutions in the network are not close enough. Thus, multiple collaboration types should be encouraged in this field, especially among countries.

Effect of sociodemographic and physical activity on cognitive function in older adults: A nationwide cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effect of socioeconomic status and physical activity on cognitive function using a large population-based survey data in China. METHODS: We took advantage of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted in 2014 to examine the relationship between sociodemographic, physical activity, and cognitive function in older adults (OAs) for persons aged above 65 (N = 2848). Socioeconomic status was assessed by sex, age, co-residence situation, category of residence, years of schooling, and marital status. Multiple linear regression for predictors was utilized. Physical activity was assessed using activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) measures. Cognitive function was assessed by the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS: The mean age of the OAs was 80.65 years (SD = 8.55). Their mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 21.55 (SD = 2.38), mean ADL Total score was 6.24 (SD = 0.95), and mean IADL Total score was 10.21 (SD = 3.84). OAs' age at testing, co-residence and category of residence significantly predicted both ADL Total score and IADL Total score (P < 0.05), sex significantly predicted IADL Total score (R2  = 0.02, ß = 0.13, P = 0.000) but not ADL Total score (R2  = 0.00, ß = 0.02, P = 0.211). OAs' sex, age, co-residence, and years of schooling significantly predicted cognitive function (P < 0.05), IADL total score significantly predicted cognitive function (P < 0.01), while the relationship between ADL total score and cognitive function was not significant (P = 0.94). CONCLUSION: OAs' sex, age, co-residence, years of schooling, and IADL were significantly associated with cognitive function. Improving OAs' IADL, especially in lower social classes, may help to improve the overall cognitive function of the OAs.

Healthy aging: A bibliometric analysis of the literature.

Due to dramatic growth of the aging population worldwide, there has been an urgent call for a public health strategy to manage healthy aging, with the ultimate goal being advancement of aging research. Considerable progress has been made in uncovering the mystery of aging process using multidisciplinary methods. There is a growing consensus in the field that aging traits which were originally thought to be disparate are likely to be interconnected. Thus, emerging research is needed to incorporate current findings of aging by building multiscale network models. This study reported the network of healthy aging research using bibliometric approaches. Based on the results, aging of the brain and muscle is a primary research focus which is a critical part of the multiscale network regulating the aging process. Among aging-associated diseases, Alzheimer's disease and frailty are among the main research focuses, and emerging work has focused on developing diagnostic tools for these diseases. For research on anti-aging interventions, calorie restriction, physical activity, and anti-aging pharmacology are the main interventions, of which the underlying mechanisms have been comprehensively studied in animal models.