[Discussion on reference sample research of traditional Chinese medicine compound preparations developed from catalogued ancient classical prescriptions].

The concept of reference sample was put forward in the Guidance on CMC of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Preparations Developed from Catalogued Ancient Classical Prescriptions(Interim). The research on reference sample is a key link in the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) compound prescriptions from catalogued ancient classical prescriptions(known as Category 3.1 TCM). This paper discusses the content of research on reference sample by analyzing the characteristics of Category 3.1 TCM and the purpose of research on reference sample. Furthermore, suggestions on the research of reference sample are proposed according to the development and evaluation practice of Category 3.1 TCM and research achievements of TCM regulatory science, aiming to provide reference for colleagues in this industry.

Ionized water-soluble organic nanosheets with light/ultrasound dual excitation channels for efficient killing of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

A novel ionized heavy-atom-free two-dimensional organic nanosheet was prepared and exhibited highly selective generation of singlet oxygen under both light and ultrasound excitation. These ionized nanosheets displayed excellent dispersibility in water and enhanced singlet oxygen production efficiency compared to their non-assembled monomers. Antimicrobial experiments have revealed their potent bactericidal effects on drug-resistant E. coli and S. aureus under both visible light and ultrasound irradiation.

The role of angiotensin II activation of yes-associated protein/PDZ-binding motif signaling in hypertensive cardiac and vascular remodeling.

Vascular remodeling is the pathogenic basis of hypertension and end organ injury, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is central to vascular remodeling. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are key effectors of the Hippo pathway and crucial for controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. The present study investigated the role of YAP/TAZ in cardiac and vascular remodeling of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Ang II induced YAP/TAZ activation in the heart and aorta, which was prevented by YAP/TAZ inhibitor verteporfin. Treatment with verteporfin significantly reduced Ang II-induced cardiac and vascular hypertrophy with a mild reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), verteporfin attenuated Ang II-induced cardiac and aortic fibrosis with the inhibition of transform growth factor (TGF)ß/Smad2/3 fibrotic signaling and extracellular matrix collagen I deposition. Ang II induced Rho A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and YAP/TAZ activation in VSMCs, either Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil or ERK inhibitor PD98059 suppressed Ang II-induced YAP/TAZ activation, cell proliferation and fibrosis of VSMCs. Verteporfin also inhibited Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation and fibrotic TGFß1/Smad2/3 pathway. These results demonstrate that Ang II activates YAP/TAZ via Rho kinase/ERK1/2 pathway in VSMCs, which may contribute to cardiac and vascular remodeling in hypertension. Our results suggest that YAP/TAZ plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and end organ damage, and targeting the YAP/TAZ pathway may be a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects of domiphen combined with itraconazole against Aspergillus fumigatus.

Aspergillus fumigatus, a prevalent saprophytic fungus in the atmosphere, is known to rapidly induce severe invasive aspergillosis (IA) upon inhalation of its conidia by humans or animals. The mortality rate associated with IA exceeds 50%. The misuse of antifungal agents has contributed to the emergence of numerous highly pathogenic drug-resistant strains of A. fumigatus. Our study found that the combination of domiphen and itraconazole had sound synergistic antimicrobial effects against wild-type and itraconazole-resistant A. fumigatus in vivo and in vitro through MIC, FIC, plate inoculation, growth curve experiments, and Galleria mellonella infection model. Drug cytotoxicity and pharmacological tests for acute toxicity assays demonstrated that both itraconazole and domiphen showed minimal cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. The transcriptome sequencing experiment demonstrated that domiphen exerted a suppressive effect on the expression of various genes, including those involved in drug efflux, redox regulation, and cellular membrane and cell wall remodeling. The present investigation explores the synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms of domiphen and itraconazole, encompassing three key aspects: (i) domiphen inhibited the efflux of itraconazole by reducing the expression of drug efflux-related genes, (ii) the combination has good ability to disrupt the cell membrane and cell wall, (iii) the combination also can remove biofilm more effectively. In summary, the utilization of domiphen as a synergist of itraconazole exhibited disruptive effects on the biofilm, cell wall, and cell membrane of A. fumigatus. This subsequently led to a modified distribution of itraconazole within the fungal organism, ultimately resulting in enhanced antifungal efficacy. The results of this study may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IA caused by drug-resistant A. fumigatus.

Green Synthesis of MOF-Mediated pH-Sensitive Nanomaterial AgNPs@ZIF-8 and Its Application in Improving the Antibacterial Performance of AgNPs.

Purpose: Herein, an emerging drug delivery system was constructed based on zeolite imidazole backbone (ZIF-8) to improve antibacterial defects of nanosilver (AgNPs), such as easily precipitated and highly cytotoxic. Methods: The homogeneous dispersion of AgNPs on ZIF-8 was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential analysis, and SEM. The appropriate AgNPs loading ratio on ZIF-8 was screened through the cell and antibacterial experiments based on biosafety and antibacterial performance. The optimal environment for AgNPs@ZIF-8 to exert antibacterial performance was probed in the context of bacterial communities under different acid-base conditions. The potential mechanism of AgNPs@ZIF-8 to inhibit the common clinical strains was investigated by observing the biofilm metabolic activity and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacteria. Results: The successful piggybacking of AgNPs by ZIF-8 was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential analysis, and SEM characterization methods. Based on the bacterial growth curve (0-24 hours), the antibacterial ability of AgNPs@ZIF-8 was found to be superior to AgNPs. When the mass ratio of ZIF-8 and AgNPs was 1:0.25, the selection of AgNPs@ZIF-8 was based on its superior antimicrobial efficacy and enhanced biocompatibility. Notably, under weakly acidic bacterial microenvironments (pH=6.4), AgNPs@ZIF-8 demonstrated a more satisfactory antibacterial effect. In addition, experiments on biofilms showed that concentrations of AgNPs@ZIF-8 exceeding 1×MIC resulted in more than 50% biofilm removal. The nanomedicine was found to increase ROS levels upon detecting the ROS concentration in bacteria. Conclusion: Novel nanocomposites consisting of low cytotoxicity drug carrier ZIF-8 loaded with AgNPs exhibited enhanced antimicrobial effects compared to AgNPs alone. The pH-responsive nano drug delivery system, AgNPs@ZIF-8, exhibited superior antimicrobial activity in a mildly acidic environment. Moreover, AgNPs@ZIF-8 effectively eradicated pathogenic bacterial biofilms and elevated the intracellular level of ROS.

Identification and verification of a novel anoikis-related gene signature with prognostic significance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) are the most common form of renal cancer in the world. The loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) stimulates cell apoptosis, known as anoikis. A resistance to anoikis in cancer cells is believed to contribute to tumor malignancy, particularly metastasis; however, the potential influence of anoikis on the prognosis of ccRCC patients is not fully understood. METHODS: In this study, anoikis-related genes (ARGs) with discrepant expression were selected from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The anoikis-related gene signature (ARS) was built using a combination of the univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analyses. ARS was also evaluated for their prognostic value. We explored the tumor microenvironment and enrichment pathways between different clusters of ccRCC. We also examined differences in clinical characteristics, immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity between the high- and low-risk sets. In addition, we utilized three external databases and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to validate the expression and prognosis of ARGs. RESULTS: Eight ARGs (PLAUR, HMCN1, CDKN2A, BID, GLI2, PLG, PRKCQ and IRF6) were identified as anoikis-related prognostic factors. According to Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, ccRCC patients with high-risk ARGs have a worse prognosis. The risk score was found to be a significant independent prognostic indicator. According to tumor microenvironment (TME) scores, stromal score, immune score, and estimated score of the high-risk group were superior to those of the low-risk group. There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the amount of infiltrated immune cells, immune checkpoint expression as well as drug sensitivity. A nomogram was constructed using ccRCC clinical features and risk scores. The signature and the nomogram both performed well in predicting overall survival (OS) for ccRCC patients. According to a decision curve analysis (DCA), clinical treatment options for patients with ccRCC could be improved using this model. CONCLUSION: The results of validation from external databases and qRT-PCR were basically agreement with findings in TCGA and GEO databases. The ARS serving as biomarkers may provide an important reference for individual therapy of ccRCC patients.

Transcriptomics-based investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic antimicrobial effects of AgNPs and Domiphen on the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus.

Critically ill patients have higher risk of serious fungal infections, such as invasive aspergillosis (IA) which is mainly caused by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Triazole drugs are the primary therapeutic agents for the first-line treatment of IA, which could easily cause drug resistance problems. Here, we assess the potential of AgNPs synthesized with Artemisia argyi leaf extract and domiphen as new antifungal agents to produce synergistic antimicrobial effects on Aspergillus fumigatus, and dissect possible molecular mechanisms of action. Plate inoculation assays combined with drug susceptibility test and cytotoxicity test showed that the combination of AgNPs and domiphen has synergistic antimicrobial effects on A. fumigatus with low cytotoxicity. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that AgNPs and domiphen inhibit the growth of A. fumigatus by suppressing nitrate assimilation, and purine nucleobase metabolic process and amino acid transmembrane transport, respectively. When the two drugs are combined, AgNPs has epistatic effects on domiphen. Moreover, the combination of AgNPs and domiphen primarily influence secondary metabolites biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis and nucleotide sugar metabolism of A. fumigatus via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis combined with validation experiments showed that the combination of AgNPs and domiphen could enhance the expression of copper transporter and inhibit nitrogen source metabolism. In addition, the synergistic antimicrobial effects could be enhanced or eliminated depending on exogenous addition of copper and nitrogen source, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis and a new strategy for the treatment of IA.

68Ga-FAPI PET/CT for molecular assessment of fibroblast activation in right heart in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a single-center, pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with radiolabeled fibroblasts activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) provides the opportunity to directly visualize fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of 68Ga-FAPI PET imaging in assessing right ventricular (RV) fibrotic remodeling and the relationship between FAPI uptake with parameters of pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac function in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. METHODS: In this pilot study, sixteen PAH patients were enrolled to participate in cardiac 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging. All patients underwent right heart catheterization and echocardiography for assessment of pulmonary hemodynamics and cardiac function within seven days. Cardiac FAPI uptake was visually assessed and quantified as maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). RESULTS: Twelve PAH patients exhibited FAPI uptake in RV free wall and insertion point. The overall activity of FAPI accumulated in the RV free wall (SUVmax: 2.5 ± 1.8, P < 0.001) and insertion point (SUVmax:2.5 ± 1.7, P < 0.001) was significantly upregulated compared to left ventricle (SUVmax:1.5 ± 0.5). Patients with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) < 17 mm presented significantly higher uptake than those with TAPSE ≥ 17 mm in both RV free wall (SUVmax: 3.4 ± 1.9 vs 1.7 ± 1.1, P = 0.010) and insertion point (SUVmax: 3.4 ± 1.9 vs 1.6 ± 0.7, P = 0.028), indicating RV uptake of FAPI was associated with RV dysfunction. There was significant positive correlation between cardiac FAPI uptake and total pulmonary resistance and the level of N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide. CONCLUSIONS: 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging is feasible to directly visualize fibrotic remodeling of RV in patients with PAH.

Marker peptide screening and species-specific authentication of Pheretima using proteomics.

Pheretima is a common and valuable animal-derived medication used in traditional Chinese medicine. There are four species of Pheretima specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), i.e. Pheretima aspergillum, P. vulgaris, P. guillelmi, and P. pectinifera. A recent report revealed ~ 55% of Pheretima in the commercial marketplace may be adulterated by other species, contrary to the Pharmacopoeia standard. The safety, efficacy, and authenticity of Pheretima is an important issue. Currently, the availability of specific quality-markers for the various species and effective identification methods are still limited. In this study, label-free quantification proteomics of species from Pheretima and Amynthas was carried out using nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS), and marker peptides were identified based on their ion intensities using multivariate data analysis (principal component analysis and supervised partial least-squares discriminant analysis). A total of 48,476 peptides with high confidence corresponding to 13,397 proteins were identified from all samples. The marker peptides were validated by comparison with synthetic peptide reference standards using LC-MS/MS operating in a multiple-reaction monitoring mode. A multiple-peptide identification strategy was proposed for the authentication of Pheretima and subsequently applied to samples obtained from retail outlets in various regions of China. The results showed that eight out of the 15 samples tested were deemed authentic Pheretima.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amino Chalcone Derivatives as Antiproliferative Agents.

Chalcone is a common scaffold found in many biologically active compounds. The chalcone scaffold was also frequently utilized to design novel anticancer agents with potent biological efficacy. Aiming to continue the research of effective chalcone derivatives to treat cancers with potent anticancer activity, fourteen amino chalcone derivatives were designed and synthesized. The antiproliferative activity of amino chalcone derivatives was studied in vitro and 5-Fu as a control group. Some of the compounds showed moderate to good activity against three human cancer cells (MGC-803, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells) and compound 13e displayed the best antiproliferative activity against MGC-803 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 1.52 µM (MGC-803), 1.83 µM (HCT-116) and 2.54 µM (MCF-7), respectively which was more potent than the positive control (5-Fu). Further mechanism studies were explored. The results of cell colony formatting assay suggested compound 10e inhibited the colony formation of MGC-803 cells. DAPI fluorescent staining and flow cytometry assay showed compound 13e induced MGC-803 cells apoptosis. Western blotting experiment indicated compound 13e induced cell apoptosis via the extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis pathway in MGC-803 cells. Therefore, compound 13e might be a valuable lead compound as antiproliferative agents and amino chalcone derivatives worth further effort to improve amino chalcone derivatives' potency.

ROS-Mediated Necroptosis Is Involved in Iron Overload-Induced Osteoblastic Cell Death.

Excess iron has been reported to lead to osteoblastic cell damage, which is a crucial pathogenesis of iron overload-related osteoporosis. However, the cytotoxic mechanisms have not been fully documented. In the present study, we focused on whether necroptosis contributes to iron overload-induced osteoblastic cell death and related underlying mechanisms. Here, we showed that the cytotoxicity of iron overload in osteoblastic cells was mainly due to necrosis, as evidenced by the Hoechst 33258/PI staining, Annexin-V/PI staining, and transmission electronic microscopy. Furthermore, we revealed that iron overload-induced osteoblastic necrosis might be mediated via the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptotic pathway. In addition, we also found that iron overload was able to trigger mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, which is a critical downstream event in the execution of necroptosis. The key finding of our experiment was that iron overload-induced necroptotic cell death might depend on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as N-acetylcysteine effectively rescued mPTP opening and necroptotic cell death. ROS induced by iron overload promote necroptosis via a positive feedback mechanism, as on the one hand N-acetylcysteine attenuates the upregulation of RIPK1 and RIPK3 and phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL and on the other hand Nec-1, siRIPK1, or siRIPK3 reduced ROS generation. In summary, iron overload induced necroptosis of osteoblastic cells in vitro, which is mediated, at least in part, through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway. We also highlight the critical role of ROS in the regulation of iron overload-induced necroptosis in osteoblastic cells.

Isolation and identification of a new sildenafil analogue, hydroxycarbodenafil, found as an adulterant in a health supplement.

During routine screening of illegal adulterants in health supplements, a novel sildenafil analogue was discovered, and subsequently isolated by recrystallization. Its structure was elucidated by extensive analyses of high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. The analogue was finally determined as hydroxycarbodenafil, featuring a hydroxyethyl group instead of an ethyl group on piperazine ring in comparison with carbodenafil.

Upregulation of miRNA-154-5p prevents the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone sarcoma in human worldwide. It has been shown that the level of microRNA-154-5p (miR-154-5p) was downregulated in human OS tissues. However, the mechanisms by which miR-154-5p regulates the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion in OS remain unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-154-5p during the tumorigenesis of OS. METHODS: The level of miR-154-5p in human OS tissues was detected by RT-qPCR. In addition, the effects of miR-154-5p on apoptosis and invasion of OS cells were assessed by flow cytometry and transwell assays, respectively. Meanwhile, the dual luciferase reporter system assay was performed to explore the interaction of miR-154-5p and E2F5. RESULTS: The level of miR-154-5p was downregulated in OS tissues. Overexpression of miR-154-5p significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of MG63 cells. In addition, upregulation of miR-154-5p obviously induced apoptosis in MG63 cells via upregulation of Bax and cleaved caspase 3, and downregulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay identified that E2F5 was the binding target of miR-154-5p. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-154-5p induced cell cycle arrest in MG63 cells via inhibiting the expressions of E2F5, Cyclin E1 and CDK2. Furthermore, in vivo assays indicated that overexpression of miR-154-5p notably inhibited the tumor growth in an OS xenograft model. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that miR-154-5p may function as a potential tumor suppressor in OS. Therefore, miR-154-5p might be a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of OS.

GYF-21, an epoxide 2­(2­phenethyl)­chromone derivative, suppresses dysfunction of B cells mainly via inhibiting BAFF activated signaling pathways.

Activated B cells targeted to autoantigens proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. Overproduced autoantibodies will give rise to autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of GYF-21, an epoxide 2­(2­phenethyl)­chromone derivative extracted from Chinese agarwood, on the survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells for revealing its potential to treat autoimmune diseases related to B cell dysfunction. The results showed that GYF-21 slightly inhibited the survival, activation and proliferation of B cells stimulated by combination of anti-IgM, anti-CD40 and IL-4 while weakly up-regulated differentiation of B cells induced by combination of anti-CD40 and IL-4. In addition, GYF-21 intensively suppressed survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells stimulated by B-cell activating factor (BAFF) which plays extremely important roles in autoantibody production and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The mechanism study revealed that GYF-21 slightly down-regulated phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, Akt, STAT3, but up-regulated phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in B cells activated by anti-IgM, anti-CD40, IL-4 or their combinations. However, GYF-21 not only moderately down-regulated phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and MAPK p38, but also intensively inhibited phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt induced by BAFF. These data suggest the inhibitory effects of GYF-21 on the survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells mainly via blocking BAFF activated signaling pathways, and its potential to be developed into therapeutic drug for autoimmune diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

LC-MS-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone dimers from Chinese agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis).

Fifteen previously undescribed 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone dimers, along with two known analogues were isolated from Chinese agarwood (Aquilaria sinensis) by a LC-MS-guided fractionation procedure. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric data (1D and 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS). The isolated compounds exhibited significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values in the range 0.6-37.1 µM.

High Degree of Genetic Heterogeneity for Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias in Australia.

Genetic testing strategies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels and whole genome sequencing (WGS) can be applied to the hereditary cerebellar ataxias (HCAs), but their exact role in the diagnostic pathway is unclear. We aim to determine the yield from genetic testing strategies and the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of HCA in Australia by analysing real-world data. We performed a retrospective review on 87 HCA cases referred to the Neurogenetics Clinic at the Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Probands underwent triplet repeat expansion testing; those that tested negative had NGS-targeted panels and WGS testing when available. In our sample, 58.6% were male (51/87), with an average age at onset of 37.1 years. Individuals with sequencing variants had a prolonged duration of illness compared to those with a triplet repeat expansion. The detection rate in probands for routine repeat expansion panels was 13.8% (11/80). NGS-targeted panels yielded a further 11 individuals (11/32, 34.4%), with WGS yielding 1 more diagnosis (1/3, 33.3%). NGS panels and WGS improved the overall diagnostic rate to 28.8% (23/80) in 14 known HCA loci. The genetic findings included novel variants in ANO10, CACNA1A, PRKCG and SPG7. Our findings highlight the genetic heterogeneity of HCAs and support the use of NGS approaches for individuals who were negative on repeat expansion testing. In comparison to repeat disorders, individuals with sequencing variants may have a prolonged duration of illness, consistent with slower progression of disease.

Immune mediated neuropathy following checkpoint immunotherapy.

Checkpoint immunotherapy has revolutionised cancer therapy and is now standard treatment for many malignancies including metastatic melanoma. Acute inflammatory neuropathies, often labelled as Guillain-Barre syndrome, are an uncommon but potentially severe complication of checkpoint immunotherapy with individual cases described but never characterised as a group. We describe a case of acute sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy following a single dose of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab for metastatic melanoma. A literature search was performed, identifying 14 other cases of acute neuropathy following checkpoint immunotherapy, with the clinical, electrophysiological and laboratory features summarised. Most cases described an acute sensorimotor neuropathy (92%) with hyporeflexia (92%) that could occur from induction up till many weeks after the final dose of therapy. In contrast to Guillain-Barre syndrome, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis often shows a lymphocytic picture (50%) and the electrophysiology showed an axonal pattern (55%). Treatment was variable and often in combination. 11 cases received steroid therapy with only 1 death within this group, whereas of the 4 patients who did not receive steroid therapy there were 3 deaths. In conclusion checkpoint immunotherapy - induced acute neuropathies are distinct from and progress differently to Guillain-Barre syndrome. As with other immunotherapy related adverse events corticosteroid therapy should be initiated in addition to usual therapy.

GYF-21, an Epoxide 2-(2-Phenethyl)-Chromone Derivative, Suppresses Innate and Adaptive Immunity via Inhibiting STAT1/3 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelinating plaques and axonal loss. Inhibition on over activation of innate and adaptive immunity provides a rationale strategy for treatment of multiple sclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of GYF-21, an epoxide 2-(2-phenethyl)-chromone derivative isolated from Chinese agarwood, on innate and adaptive immunity for revealing its potential to treat multiple sclerosis. The results showed that GYF-21 markedly inhibited the activation of microglia, and dendritic cells as well as neutrophils, all of which play important roles in innate immunity. Furthermore, GYF-21 significantly suppressed adaptive immunity via inhibiting the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and suppressing the activation, proliferation, and IFN-γ secretion of CD8+ T cells. The mechanism study showed that GYF-21 evidently inhibited the activation of STAT1/3 and NF-κB signaling pathways in microglia. In conclusion, we demonstrated that GYF-21 can significantly inhibit innate and adaptive immunity via suppressing STAT1/3 and NF-κB signaling pathways, and has potential to be developed into therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis.

Anti-inflammatory 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives from Chinese agarwood.

Five new 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives (1-5), along with eleven known compounds (6-16) were isolated from Chinese agarwood. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data (NMR, UV, IR, and MS) analyses and comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with the literature values. The absolute configurations of 2-4 were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 2-4, 11, 12, and 15 exhibited significant inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values in the range 1.6-7.3µM.

GYF-17, a chloride substituted 2-(2-phenethyl)-chromone, suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory mediator production in RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting STAT1/3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

GYF-17, a 2-(2-phenethyl)-chromone derivative, was isolated from agarwood and showed superior activity of inhibiting NO production of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS in our preliminary pharmacodynamic screening. In order to develop novel therapeutic drug for acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, the anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of GYF-17 were investigated in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that GYF-17 could reduce LPS-induced expression of iNOS and then result in the decrement of NO production. More meaningful, the expression and secretion of key pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß, were intensively inhibited by GYF-17. Furthermore, GYF-17 also down regulated the expression of COX2 and the production of PGE2 which plays important role in causing algesthesia during inflammatory response. In mechanism study, GYF-17 selectively suppressed phosphorylation of STAT1/3 and ERK1/2 during the activation of NF-κB, MAPK and STAT signaling pathways induced by LPS. Collectively, GYF-17 can intensively suppress the production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting STAT1/3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and thereby shows great potential to be developed into therapeutic drug for inflammatory diseases.