ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Currently, there is no suitable treatment for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) prophylaxis. Few studies have prospectively evaluated interventions to prevent PEP in children. AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of the external use of mirabilite to prevent PEP in children. METHODS: This multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled patients with chronic pancreatitis scheduled for ERCP according to eligibility criteria. Patients were randomly divided into the external use of mirabilite group (external use of mirabilite in a bag on the projected abdominal area within 30 min before ERCP) and blank group. The primary outcome was the incidence of PEP. The secondary outcomes included the severity of PEP, abdominal pain scores, levels of serum inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10)], and intestinal barrier function markers [diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid, and endotoxin]. Additionally, the side effects of topical mirabilite were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients were enrolled, including 117 in the external use of mirabilite group and the other 117 in the blank group. The pre-procedure and procedure-related factors were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of PEP in the external use of mirabilite group was significantly lower than that in the blank group (7.7% vs 26.5%, P < 0.001). The severity of PEP decreased in the mirabilite group (P = 0.023). At 24 h after the procedure, the visual analog scale score in the external use of mirabilite group was lower than that in the blank group (P = 0.001). Compared with those in the blank group, the TNF-α expressions were significantly lower and the IL-10 expressions were significantly higher at 24 h after the procedure in the external use of mirabilite group (P = 0.032 and P = 0.011, respectively). There were no significant differences in serum DAO, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin levels before and after ERCP between the two groups. No adverse effects of mirabilite were observed. CONCLUSION: External use of mirabilite reduced the PEP occurrence. It significantly alleviated post-procedural pain and reduced inflammatory response. Our results favor the external use of mirabilite to prevent PEP in children.
ABSTRACT
Camellia reticulata (Theaceae genus Camellia) is a world-famous, ornamental flowering plant. More interestingly, it has a polyploid series varying from 2n = 2x = 30, 2n = 4x = 60 to 2n = 6x = 90, with a basic chromosome number of x = 15. The hypothetic allopolyploid origin and parental genomes of these polyploid types remains unknown. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to study the genome organization and evolution of C. reticulata. Total genomic DNA from closely-related diploid species (C. pitardii and C. saluenensis), with the chromosome number 2n = 2x = 30, were labeled and hybridized in the presence of blocking DNA onto metaphase spreads of C. reticulata. The C. pitartii probe painted part of the tetraploid and hexaploid C. reticulata genomes, whereas the C. saluenensis probe delineated part of the hexaploid C. reticulata genome. The results provide compelling evidence for the allopolyploid origin of C. reticultata genomes and demonstrate that 1) the diploid C. reticultata, C. pitardii and C. saluenensis are the progenitors of polyploid C. reticultata, 2) hybridization between diploid C. reticultata and diploid C. pitardii gave birth to allotetraploid C. reticulata, and 3) subsequent hybridization between allotetraploid C. reticulata and diploid C. saluenensis formed the allohexaploid C. reticulata.
Subject(s)
Biological Evolution , Camellia/genetics , Chromosomes , DNA, Plant , Genome, Plant , Polyploidy , Genomics/methods , In Situ Hybridization/methods , Metaphase , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
We report results of karyotype analyses using nine species of Maianthemum from China. The species, except M. atropurpureum (with 2n=72), had 2n=36, and the results support the earlier suggestion that Maianthemum has x=18 with 2n=36 in most species. The species examined, however, showed marked differences in karyotype, particularly in the numbers of metacentric, submetacentric, and acrocentric chromosomes as well as in the number of satellites. In addition, we distinguished three different modes based on the number of clear gaps in chromosome length variation: unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal. The unimodal variation (with no gap) was found in M. dahuricum and M. atropurpureum, the bimodal variation (with one gap) in M. tatsienense, and the trimodal variation (with two gaps) in M. bifolium, M. forrestii, M. japonicum, M. henryi, M. purpureum, and M. lichiangense. In the trimodal variation, the positions of the two gaps may differ from species to species. In addition, the frequency of acrocentric chromosomes per complement was generally higher in the trimodal variation than in the unimodal and bimodal variations. Results of our analyses, which had not been clearly presented prior to this, may provide a better understanding of species evolution in the tribe Polygonatae.
Subject(s)
Karyotyping , Liliaceae/genetics , ChinaABSTRACT
The Hengduan Mountains comprise one of the world's most important hot spots of biodiversity. Tibetia (Ali) H.P. Tsui (Fabaceae), which has four or five species in two sections, is one of the genera endemic to the region. This paper describes for the first time the karyotype of three of those species. The chromosome counts of all three are 2 n = 16. The karyotypes of the species examined contain chromosomes of variable karyotypic symmetry with centromeres at median and submedian positions that correlate with the morphological characteristics of the species. Karyotypic variation at the diploid level appears to be the predominant feature of chromosome evolution in the genus and may provide a clue to the study of evolutionary patterns of plants in this region.
