ABSTRACT
We present, in a synthetic way, some of the main findings from ten studies that were conducted in the field of ethics in politics, using the Functional Measurement framework. These studies were about (a) Angolan and Mozambican people's views about the legitimacy of military-humanitarian interventions, (b) French people's perspectives regarding the government's responsibility for the health of consumers of illicit substances, (c) Togolese people's views about the acceptability of political amnesties in a time of political transition, (d) the perspective of victims of the genocide of the Tutsis in Rwanda regarding the attribution of guilt by association to offspring of perpetrators, (e) slave descendants' views about the acceptability of national policies on reparations for slavery, (f) Colombian people's willingness to forgive perpetrators of violence who harmed family members during the civil war, (g) the attitudes of French and Colombian people about national drug control policies, (h) Indian students' views about the appropriateness of the death penalty for murder or rape, (i) Colombian people's perspectives regarding corruption, and finally (j) Venezuelan people's conceptualization of human rights. The main findings are discussed in reference to six of the foundations of Moral Foundations Theory.
Este texto presenta, de forma resumida, algunos de los principales resultados de diez estudios que se realizaron en el campo de la ética y la política, en el marco de la Medición Funcional. Estos estudios trataron de: (a) los puntos de vista de la gente de Angola y Mozambique sobre la legitimidad de las intervenciones militares-humanitaria; (b) las perspectivas de los franceses con respecto a la responsabilidad del gobierno con la salud de los consumidores de sustancias ilícitas; (c) las perspectivas de las personas de Togo acerca de la aceptabilidad de amnistías políticas en un momento de transición política; (d) las perspectivas de las víctimas del genocidio de los Tutsis en Ruanda en cuanto a la atribución de culpabilidad a los descendientes de los perpetradores de violencia; (e) los puntos de vista de los descendientes de esclavos acerca de la aceptabilidad de las políticas nacionales de reparaciones por la esclavitud; (f) la disposición de los colombianos a perdonar autores de la violencia que causaron daño a miembros de la familia durante el conflicto armado interno; (g) las actitudes de los franceses y colombianos acerca de las políticas nacionales de control de drogas; (h) los puntos de vista de los estudiantes indios acerca de la idoneidad de la pena de muerte por asesinato o violación; (i) las perspectivas de los colombianos con respecto a la corrupción, y, finalmente, (j) la conceptualización de los derechos humanos en la población venezolana. Los principales resultados se discuten en relación con seis de los fundamentos de la Teoría de los Fundamentos Morales.
ABSTRACT
The present study presents the mean risk magnitude judgments on 91 activities, substances, and technologies expressed by Venezuelan adults living in the two main cities of this country: Caracas and Maracaibo. These judgments were compared methodically with findings on other samples of previous studies, namely four other Latin countries: France, Spain, Brazil, and Portugal. The aim of this study was to structure the cross-country differences in risk perception between the aforementioned countries and Venezuela using cluster analysis. A 91-hazard x 5 country matrix was created. Two main clusters were found. The Economically and Socially Challenging group (Venezuela and Portugal) and the Western Europe group (France and Spain). Brazil was situated closer to the Venezuelan and Portugal cluster than was the Western Europe group. The common denominator in the Economically and Socially Challenging group can be the economic and social problems that both of these countries struggle against. It was reasonable that Brazil was closer to this cluster, given its similarities to both countries (in geographical and cultural terms). More explanations for these clusters were presented in the discussion. Finally, some recommendations and limitations are also presented and more research in this field is suggested as well.
El presente estudio presenta la media de los juicios de magnitud del riesgo expresadas por los adultos venezolanos que viven en las dos principales ciudades de este país: Caracas y Maracaibo, en 91 actividades, sustancias y tecnologías. Estos juicios se compararon metódicamente con los resultados de otras muestras de estudios anteriores, específicamente con otros cuatro países de raíz Latina: Francia, España, Brasil y Portugal. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estructurar las diferencias en la percepción de riesgo entre los países antes mencionados y Venezuela utilizando análisis de conglomerados. Se creó una matriz de 5 países x 91 afirmaciones. Se encontraron dos clusters principales: El grupo económica y socialmente desafiante (Venezuela y Portugal) y el grupo de Europa Occidental (Francia y España). Brasil se encuentra más cerca de la agrupación venezolana, Portugal se asignó al grupo de Europa Occidental. El común denominador en el grupo económica y socialmente desafiante pueden ser los problemas económicos y sociales de estos dos países en la coyuntura. Es razonable que Brasil esté más cerca a este grupo debido a sus similitudes de ambos países (geográfica y culturalmente). Más explicaciones para estos clusters se presentan en la discusión. Por último, se presentan algunas recomendaciones y limitaciones, y se sugieren campos de investigación.
ABSTRACT
The present study examined the extent to which people living in Venezuela consider that human rights are indivisible rights. Eighty unpaid participants living in Caracas, Barquisimeto, and Maracaibo were presented with 36 cards showing a story of a few lines, which described the socio-political situation in a fictitious state, and a response scale. Each story had four critical items of information: (a) the degree in which the State offers social protection to the citizens ( not at all, intermediate or complete), (b) the level of respect for Civil liberties in the country (no respect, intermediate, full respect), (c) the level of Equality between citizens (inequality of rights vs. equality of right), and (d) the level of Respect for the private life of the citizens (no respect for private life vs. full respect for private life). The question was "To what extend do you consider that the human rights are respected in this country"? The participants considered that (a) enjoying one basic right (e.g., enjoying freedom of speech) was better than enjoying no right at all, and that enjoying two basic rights was better than enjoying just one, and so on, (b) enjoying any right at an intermediate level was not very different than not enjoying this right, although it was better than not enjoying this right at all, and (c) only the complete enjoyment of all basic rights (Right to Privacy, Civil Liberties, Equality, and Social Protection) can be considered as full enjoyment of human rights. In addition, it was found that the impact of the social protection factor was considerably weaker than the impact of the other factors, which can be explained by the economic level of development of the Venezuelan society (AU)
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