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1.
Microbiol Spectr ; : e0040124, 2024 Jun 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38916348

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was first to isolate Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsy specimens and to test their antibiotic susceptibility. Second, it was to evaluate the efficacy of the standard triple therapy from patients of the west central region of Colombia. H. pylori positive patients received standard triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) (40 mg b.i.d.), clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d.), and amoxicillin (1 g b.i.d.) for 14 days. Thereafter, antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was assessed by E-Test. From 94 patients enrolled, 67 were positive for H. pylori by histology or culture. Overall resistance to metronidazole, levofloxacin, rifampicin, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin was 81%, 26.2%, 23.9%, 19%, and 9.5%, respectively. No resistance was found for tetracycline. A total of 54 patients received standard triple therapy, 48 attended follow-ups testing, and of them, 30 had resistance test reports. Overall eradication rate was 81.2%. Second-line treatment was given to eight patients, four of whom were followed up with a 13C urea breath test (UBT) and remained positive for H. pylori. Eradication was significantly higher in patients with clarithromycin susceptible than in resistant strains (95.6% vs 42.8% P = 0.001). The updated percentages of resistance to clarithromycin in this geographical area had increased, so this value must be considered when choosing the treatment regimen.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori has increased worldwide, as has resistance to multiple antimicrobials (MDRs), which seriously hampers the successful eradication of the infection. The ideal success rate in eradicating H. pylori infection (≥90%) was not achieved in this study (81.2%). This is the first time that MDR is reported (14.3%) in the region; the resistance to clarithromycin increased over time (3.8%-19%), and levofloxacin (26.2%) and rifampicin (23%) resistant isolates were detected for the first time. With these results, strain susceptibility testing is increasingly important, and the selection of treatment regimen should be based on local antibiotic resistance patterns.

2.
Dig Dis ; 38(3): 196-203, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31578008

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with gastroduodenal disease and gastric cancer. Empirical therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection increases the risk of apparition of antimicrobial drug resistance. In a previous report, in H. pylori clinical isolates, resistance rates to commonly used antimicrobial drugs were as follows: metronidazole 82%, clarithromycin 3.8%, and amoxicillin 1.9%. The aim was to establish the variation of resistance rates and the detection of H. pylori genetic mutations isolated from dyspeptic patients. METHODS: Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were performed by the E-test method for metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline in 61 clinical isolates. Sequencing was performed to detect mutations associated with resistance to clarithromycin. RESULTS: According to our results, resistance rates found in the 61 isolates were 78.60% for metronidazole and 8.20% for clarithromycin. None of the studied isolates had resistance to tetracycline and amoxicillin. Secondary resistance rates displayed an increase when compared to primary rates for metronidazole (87.50 vs. 77.35%) and for clarithromycin (25.66 vs. 5.66%). Of 5 isolates resistant to clarithromycin, 3 had the A2143G mutation. By comparing the results in this work with previous reports, antimicrobial drug resistance rates did not show major modifications for metronidazole, amoxicillin, and tetracycline during the last 10 years. For clarithromycin, the resistance rate showed a moderate increase; nevertheless, it remains low (<15%) and this change was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Together, all findings in this work indicate that these antimicrobial drugs can still be used as first line of defense on infected patients living in this region of the country.


Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Helicobacter pylori/physiology , Population Surveillance , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/drug effects , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Young Adult
3.
BMC Microbiol ; 19(1): 45, 2019 02 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30786858

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sequence Type 235 is a clone that possesses an extraordinary ability to acquire mobile genetic elements and has been associated with the spread of resistance genes, including genes that encode for carbapenemases. Here, we aim to characterize the genetic platforms involved in resistance dissemination in blaKPC-2-positive P. aeruginosa ST235 in Colombia. RESULTS: In a prospective surveillance study of infections in adult patients attended in five ICUs in five distant cities in Colombia, 58 isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered, of which, 27 (46.6%) were resistant to carbapenems. The molecular analysis showed that 6 (22.2%) and 4 (14.8%) isolates harboured the blaVIM and blaKPC-2 genes, respectively. The four blaKPC-2-positive isolates showed a similar PFGE pulsotype and belonged to ST235. Complete genome sequencing of a representative ST235 isolate shows a unique chromosomal contig of 7097.241 bp with eight different resistance genes identified and five transposons: a Tn6162-like with ant(2″)-Ia, two Tn402-like with ant(3″)-Ia and blaOXA-2 and two Tn4401b with blaKPC-2. All transposons were inserted into the genomic islands. Interestingly, the two Tn4401b copies harbouring blaKPC-2 were adjacently inserted into a new genomic island (PAGI-17) with traces of a replicative transposition process. This double insertion was probably driven by several structural changes within the chromosomal region containing PAGI-17 in the ST235 background. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a double Tn4401b chromosomal insertion in P. aeruginosa, just within a new genomic island (PAGI-17). This finding indicates once again the great genomic plasticity of this microorganism.


Subject(s)
Chromosomes, Bacterial , DNA Transposable Elements , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Genome, Bacterial , Genomic Islands , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Colombia , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Humans , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Prospective Studies , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology , Whole Genome Sequencing , beta-Lactamases/genetics
4.
Rev. med. Risaralda ; 24(2): 85-89, jul.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-985676

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es un importante patógeno, puede causar infecciones leves de piel, hasta enfermedades con compromiso vital. La aparición de Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistentes, MRSA; ha aumentado su resistencia antimicrobiana, especialmente a β-lactámicos; dificultando el manejo de las infecciones, aumentando las tasas de morbi-mortalidad, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública. La expresión fenotípica de la resistencia suele ser heterogénea, dificultando su detección en el laboratorio por métodos convencionales; lo cual, incrementa los costos en la atención hospitalaria de infecciones por MRSA. Objetivo: Comparar métodos fenotípico y genotípico para la identificación de aislamientos hospitalarios de MRSA en centros hospitalarios de Pereira. Métodos: A partir de aislamientos de S. aureus obtenidos de tres instituciones de salud de alta complejidad clasificadas como A, B y C; se determinó la resistencia a meticilina por concentración mínima inhibitoria en sistemas automatizados y el gen mecA por PCR múltiple. Resultados: La prevalencia fenotípica de MRSA fue 44,4%, la institución A presentó la mayor tasa con 48,65%. La prevalencia genotípica fue 57,4%; en las instituciones A, B y C fue 55,2%, 41,7% y 75%, respectivamente, con diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05). La sensibilidad y especificidad del método fenotípico fue 99,0% y 94,7%, respectivamente, frente al método gold estándar de la PCR. El índice Kappa fue 0,942 indicando un nivel de concordancia muy bueno entre métodos. Conclusión: La prevalencia de aislamientos MRSA en las instituciones de Pereira fue alta. Los índices de concordancia de los métodos fenotípicos demostraron que son confiables para el diagnóstico de infecciones por MRSA.


Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen, can cause mild skin infections, to diseases with compromise vital. The appearance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA; It has increased its antimicrobial resistance, especially to β-lactam; hampering the handling of them infections, increasing the rates of morbidity-mortality, becoming a health public problem. The phenotype expression of the resistance tend to be heterogeneous, hindering its detection in the laboratory by conventional methods; which increases costs in the hospital care of MRSA infections. Objective: To compare the phenotypes and genotypes methods for identification of hospital isolates MRSA in Pereira. Methods: From isolates of S. aureus obtained of three high complexity institutions of health classified as A, B and C; determined resistance to Methicillin by minimum inhibitory concentration in automated systems and mecA gene by multiplex PCR. Results: The phenotype prevalence of MRSA was 44.4%, the institution A presented the highest rate with 48.65%. The genotype prevalence was 57.4%; in the institutions A, B and C was 55.2%, 41.7% and 75%, respectively, with difference statistically significant (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the phenotype method were 99.0% and 94.7%, respectively, against the gold standard of the PCR method. The Kappa index was 0,942 indicating a very good level of concordance between methods. Conclusion: The prevalence of isolates MRSA in the institutions of Pereira was high. The concordance index of phenotype methods showed that they are reliable for the diagnosis of MRSA infections.


Subject(s)
Humans , Staphylococcus aureus , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Methicillin , Costs and Cost Analysis , Hospital Care , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Laboratories , Lactams , Methods
5.
Biomedica ; 38(1): 96-104, 2018 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29676866

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus coloniza mucosas y piel, y causa graves infecciones en el hombre y los animales. Es importante establecer el estatus de portadoras de cepas enterotoxigénicas de este microorganismo en manipuladoras de alimentos, con el fin de prevenir intoxicaciones alimentarias.Objetivo. Establecer las correlaciones entre los genes de enterotoxinas clásicas, el gen tsst-1, la producción de toxinas en cultivo y la resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de S. aureus provenientes de manipuladoras de alimentos que cuidan niños en sus comunidades.Materiales y métodos. Se cultivaron muestras de las fosas nasales y las yemas de los dedos de las manos, y se identificó S. aureus empleando las pruebas de rutina y métodos automatizados. La extracción de ADN se hizo mediante el método de bromuro de cetil-trimetil-amonio (Cetyl-Trimethyl-Ammonium Bromide, CTAB) modificado. Para la detección de superantígenos se emplearon pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) simple y múltiple, y para la de toxinas, estuches comerciales.Resultados. Se encontró que el 22,0 % de los aislamientos correspondía a portadoras de S. aureus: 17,0 % en los aislamientos de fosas nasales; 5,0 % en los de las manos y 6,7 % simultáneamente en los dos sitios. La prevalencia de superantígenos fue de 73,7 %. El genotipo más frecuente fue el seatsst-1, con 10,0 %. La resistencia a un solo antibiótico fue de 74,7 % y, a cuatro antibióticos, de 3,2 %; de los aislamientos, el 93,7 % correspondía a cepas productoras de betalactamasas. La detección de genes clásicos y de tsst-1 mediante PCR fue de 48,4 % y la de toxinas en el sobrenadante, de 42,1 %,con una correlación de 95,7 %. Las mayores correlaciones se establecieron entre las toxinas TSST-1 (22/22) y SEA (17/18). La correlación del gen tsst-1 con la proteína y la resistencia fue de 100 %. Todos los aislamientos con el genotipo sea-tsst-1 t fueron resistentes y productores de las toxinas.Conclusión. La tasa de aislamientos de S. aureus toxigénicos y resistentes obtenidos de mujeres que cuidan y preparan alimentos para niños fue de más de 70 %, lo que demostró su gran virulencia y la consecuente necesidad de aplicar estrictamente las normas higiénicas y sanitarias vigentes para evitar el riesgo de intoxicación alimentaria.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/analysis , Carrier State/microbiology , Child Care , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterotoxins/immunology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Superantigens/analysis , Adult , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics , Carrier State/epidemiology , Child , Female , Fingers/microbiology , Food Handling , Genes, Bacterial , Genotype , Humans , Nasal Cavity/microbiology , Prevalence , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Staphylococcus aureus/immunology , Superantigens/genetics
6.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 38(1): 96-104, ene.-mar. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-888552

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus coloniza mucosas y piel, y causa graves infecciones en el hombre y los animales. Es importante establecer el estatus de portadoras de cepas enterotoxigénicas de este microorganismo en manipuladoras de alimentos, con el fin de prevenir intoxicaciones alimentarias. Objetivo. Establecer las correlaciones entre los genes de enterotoxinas clásicas, el gen tsst-1, la producción de toxinas en cultivo y la resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de S. aureus provenientes de manipuladoras de alimentos que cuidan niños en sus comunidades. Materiales y métodos. Se cultivaron muestras de las fosas nasales y las yemas de los dedos de las manos, y se identificó S. aureus empleando las pruebas de rutina y métodos automatizados. La extracción de ADN se hizo mediante el método de bromuro de cetil-trimetil-amonio (Cetyl-Trimethyl- Ammonium Bromide, CTAB) modificado. Para la detección de superantígenos se emplearon pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) simple y múltiple, y para la de toxinas, estuches comerciales. Resultados. Se encontró que el 22,0 % de los aislamientos correspondía a portadoras de S. aureus: 17,0 % en los aislamientos de fosas nasales; 5,0 % en los de las manos y 6,7 % simultáneamente en los dos sitios. La prevalencia de superantígenos fue de 73,7 %. El genotipo más frecuente fue el sea-tsst-1, con 10,0 %. La resistencia a un solo antibiótico fue de 74,7 % y, a cuatro antibióticos, de 3,2 %; de los aislamientos, el 93,7 % correspondía a cepas productoras de betalactamasas. La detección de genes clásicos y de tsst-1 mediante PCR fue de 48,4 % y la de toxinas en el sobrenadante, de 42,1 %, con una correlación de 95,7 %. Las mayores correlaciones se establecieron entre las toxinas TSST-1 (22/22) y SEA (17/18). La correlación del gen tsst-1 con la proteína y la resistencia fue de 100 %. Todos los aislamientos con el genotipo sea-tsst-1 t fueron resistentes y productores de las toxinas. Conclusión. La tasa de aislamientos de S. aureus toxigénicos y resistentes obtenidos de mujeres que cuidan y preparan alimentos para niños fue de más de 70 %, lo que demostró su gran virulencia y la consecuente necesidad de aplicar estrictamente las normas higiénicas y sanitarias vigentes para evitar el riesgo de intoxicación alimentaria.


Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus colonizes mucous membranes and skin causing severe infections in humans and animals. It is important to determine carrier status of enterotoxigenic strains of this microorganism in food handlers to prevent food poisoning. Objective: To establish the correlations among classic enterotoxigenic genes, tsst-1 gene, the production of toxins in cultures and antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from women who handle the food, feed and take care of children in their communities. Materials and methods: Nasal swab and finger samples were cultured and S. aureus was identified using routine methods and automated systems. DNA extraction was done by the CTAB modified method, and superantigen detection by simple and multiplex PCR, while toxins were detected using commercial kits. Results: We found that 22.0% of subjects were S. aureus carriers: 17.0% corresponded to nose samples, 5.0% to hands and 6.7% to both nose and hands. The prevalence of superantigens was 73.7%. The most frequent genotype was sea-tsst-1 with 10%. Resistance to one antibiotic was 74.7%, and to four antibiotics, 3.2%; 93.7% of the isolates were betalactamase-positive. Classical genes and tsst-1 gene were detected by PCR in 48.4% of samples and toxins in supernatant were detected in 42.1% of them with 95.7% of correlation.The highest correlations were established for TSST-1 and SEA with 100% and 94.4%, respectively. The correlation of tsst-1 gene with toxin production and resistance was 100%. All isolates with genotype sea-tsst-1 were toxin-positive and resistant. Conclusion: The rate of toxigenic and resistant S. aureus isolates from women in charge of feeding and taking care of children was higher than 70%, which demonstrates its high virulence. This requires the strict application of hygienic and sanitary regulations in order to avoid the risk of food poisoning.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Carrier State/microbiology , Child Care , Superantigens/analysis , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterotoxins/immunology , Antigens, Bacterial/analysis , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Staphylococcus aureus/immunology , Carrier State/epidemiology , Prevalence , Superantigens/genetics , Fingers/microbiology , Food Handling , Genes, Bacterial , Genotype , Nasal Cavity/microbiology , Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
7.
Rev. med. Risaralda ; 23(1): 48-50, ene.-jun. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-902072

ABSTRACT

La piedra blanca es una micosis superficial crónica y asintomática poco frecuente del pelo causada por Trichosporon spp. (T. asahii, T. cutaneum o T. beigelii, T. inkin y T. mucoides), caracterizada por presentar nódulos blandos, blanquecinos, adheridos a los tallos pilosos, preferentemente del cuero cabelludo, axilas, cejas, pestañas y con menor frecuencia, en la barba, el bigote, el pubis y el perineo. Suele aparecer con mayor frecuencia en población de climas templados y tropicales. En los tres casos reportados se tomó muestra de los cabellos con los nódulos sospechosos, se le realizaron pruebas diagnósticas que permitieron confirmar la presencia de estructuras levaduriformes compatibles con Trichosporon spp. La sospecha de pediculosis es el motivo de consulta de los pacientes con piedra blanca, confundiendo los nódulos con liendres; por consiguiente es importante que el médico tenga claro las enfermedades micóticas con las cuales se debe hacer el diagnóstico diferencial para poder orientar y establecer el adecuado tratamiento para el paciente


The white stone is a rare, superficial, chronic and asymptomatic mycosis of the hair caused by Trichosporon spp. (T asahii, T. cutaneum or T. beigelli, T. inkin, and T. mucoid), which is characterized by the presence of white soft nodules, adhered to the hair shafts, preferably the scalp, armpits, eyebrows, eyelashes, and less frequently, in the beard, moustache, pubic area and perineum. It usually appears with greater frequency in areas of temperate and tropical climates. In the three reported cases, the sample of hair was taken from suspect hair, and then a series of diagnostic tests were performed to allow the confirmation of the presence of yeast shaped structures compatible with Trichosporon spp. Often, a possible pediculosis was the main reason of consultation of the patients who suffer white stone, and it can be confused with nodules of nits. Therefore, it is important that the physician has a better understanding of the fungal diseases that will be part of the differential diagnosis in order to guide and establish a proper treatment for the patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adult , Pediculus , Scalp , Tropical Climate , Trichosporon , Mycoses , Lice Infestations , Volition , Yeasts , Vibrissae , Hair
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