Drivers of ammonia volatilization in Mediterranean climate cropping systems.

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is the major source of nitrogen (N) loss resulting from the application of synthetic and organic N fertilizers to croplands. It is well known that in Mediterranean cropping systems, there is a relationship between the intrinsic characteristics of the climate and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but whether the same relation exists for NH3 emissions remains uncertain. Here, we estimated the impact of edaphoclimatic conditions (including meteorological conditions after N fertilization), crop management factors, and the measurement technique on both the cumulative emissions and the NH3 emission factor (EF) in Mediterranean climate zones, drawing on a database of 234 field treatments. We used a machine learning method, random forest (RF), to predict volatilization and ranked variables based on their importance in the prediction. Random forest had a good predictive power for the NH3 EF and cumulative emissions, with an R2 of 0.69 and 0.76, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization rate (N rate) was the top-ranked predictor variable, increasing NH3 emissions substantially when N rate was higher than 170 kg N ha-1. Soil pH was the most important edaphoclimatic variable, showing greater emissions (36.7 kg NH3 ha-1, EF = 19.3%) when pH was above 8.2. Crop type, fertilizer type, and N application method also affected NH3 emission patterns, while water management, mean precipitation, and soil texture were ranked low by the model. Our results show that intrinsic Mediterranean characteristics had only an indirect effect on NH3 emissions. For instance, relatively low N fertilization rates result in small NH3 emissions in rainfed areas, which occupy a very significant surface of Mediterranean agricultural land. Overall, N fertilization management is a key driver in reducing NH3 emissions, but additional field factors should be studied in future research to establish more robust abatement strategies.

Using DMPP with cattle manure can mitigate yield-scaled global warming potential under low rainfall conditions.

Organic fertilisers can reduce the carbon (C) footprint from croplands, but adequate management strategies such as the use of nitrification inhibitors are required to minimise side-effects on nitrogen (N) losses to the atmosphere or waterbodies. This could be particularly important in a context on changing rainfall patterns due to climate change. A lysimeter experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was set up on a coarse sandy soil to evaluate the efficacy of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate (NO3-) leaching losses and net global warming potential from manure, with (R+) and without (R-) simulated rainfall events. Soil water availability was a limiting factor for plant growth and microbial processes due to low rainfall during the growing season. Nitrification was effectively inhibited by DMPP, decreasing topsoil NO3- concentrations by 28% on average and cumulative N2O losses by 82%. Most of the N2O was emitted during the growing season, with annual emission factors of 0.07% and 0.95% for manure with and without DMPP, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were 40% higher in R-compared to R+, possibly because of the higher topsoil NO3- concentrations. There was no effect of DMPP or rainfall amount on annual NO3- leaching losses, which corresponded to 12% of manure-N and were mainly driven by the post-harvest period. DMPP did not affect yield or N use efficiency (NUE) while R-caused severe reductions on biomass and NUE. We conclude that dry growing seasons can jeopardize crop production while concurrently increasing greenhouse gas emissions from a sandy soil. The use of nitrification inhibitors is strongly recommended under these conditions to address the climate change impacts.

Variability in non-core vaccination rates of dogs and cats in veterinary clinics across the United States.

Vaccination guidelines for dogs and cats indicate that core vaccines (for dogs, rabies, distemper, adenovirus, parvovirus; for cats, feline parvovirus, herpes virus-1, calicivirus) are essential to maintain health, and that non-core vaccines be administered according to a clinician's assessment of a pet's risk of exposure and susceptibility to infection. A reliance on individual risk assessment introduces the potential for between-practice inconsistencies in non-core vaccine recommendations. A study was initiated to determine non-core vaccination rates of dogs (Leptospira, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza virus) and cats (feline leukemia virus) in patients current for core vaccines in veterinary practices across the United States. Transactional data for 5,531,866 dogs (1,670 practices) and 1,914,373 cats (1,661 practices) were retrieved from practice management systems for the period November 1, 2016 through January 1, 2020, deidentified and normalized. Non-core vaccination status was evaluated in 2,798,875 dogs and 788,772 cats that were core-vaccine current. Nationally, median clinic vaccination rates for dogs were highest for leptospirosis (70.5%) and B. bronchiseptica (68.7%), and much lower for canine influenza (4.8%). In Lyme-endemic states, the median clinic borreliosis vaccination rate was 51.8%. Feline leukemia median clinic vaccination rates were low for adult cats (34.6%) and for kittens and 1-year old cats (36.8%). Individual clinic vaccination rates ranged from 0 to 100% for leptospirosis, B. bronchiseptica and feline leukemia, 0-96% for canine influenza, and 0-94% for borreliosis. Wide variation in non-core vaccination rates between clinics in similar geographies indicates that factors other than disease risk are driving the use of non-core vaccines in pet dogs and cats, highlighting a need for veterinary practices to address gaps in patient protection. Failure to implement effective non-core vaccination strategies leaves susceptible dogs and cats unprotected against vaccine-preventable diseases.

Mitigation of yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions and global warming potential in an oilseed rape crop through N source management.

Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen (N) fertilizers, such as those containing nitrification or urease inhibitors, can mitigate the carbon (C) footprint linked to the production of bioenergy crops through a reduction in direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and indirect N2O losses. These indirect emissions are derived from ammonia (NH3) volatilization, which also have important environmental and health implications. The evaluation of the global warming potential (GWP) of different N sources using site-specific data of yield and direct and indirect emissions is needed for oilseed rape under rainfed semi-arid conditions, especially when meteorological variability is taken into account. Using urea as a N source, the N2O mitigation efficacy of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) alone or combined with the nitrification inhibitor 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) succinic acid isomeric mixture (DMPSA) was evaluated under field conditions in a rainfed oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crop. Two additional N sources from calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), with and without DMPSA, were included. The GWP of the treatments was estimated considering the emissions from inputs, operations and other direct and indirect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane (CH4) and the volatilization of NH3. We also measured the abundance of key genes involved in nitrification and denitrification to improve the understanding of N2O emissions on a biochemical basis under the conditions of our study. The results show that due to the intense rainfall after fertilization and a rewetting event, N2O losses from fertilizers without inhibitors were greater than those previously reported under Mediterranean conditions, while NH3 losses were low and not affected by the urease inhibitor. The cumulative N2O emissions (which were greatly influenced by a rewetting peak three months after fertilization) from the urea fertilization were significantly higher than those from CAN. The presence of NBPT significantly reduced N2O losses by an average of 71%, with respect to urea. The use of DMPSA with CAN resulted in an abatement of N2O emissions (by 57%) and a significant increase in oil yield in comparison with CAN alone. All inhibitor-based treatments were effective in abating N2O emissions during the rewetting peak. The abundances of the nitrifier and denitrifier communities, especially ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), significantly decreased relative to the urea or CAN treatments as inhibitors were applied. Under the conditions of our study, the sustainability of a bioenergy crop such as oilseed rape can be improved by using inhibitors because they mitigated N2O emissions and/or enhanced the oil yield.

Carcinoma espinocelular: reporte de caso en paciente con fototipo tipo 5 según clasificación fitzpatrick / Non-melanoma skin carcinoma: spinocellular carcinoma, case report in a patient with type 5 phototype according to fitzpatrick classification / Carcinoma de pele não melanoma: carcinoma espinocelular, relato de caso em paciente com fototipo v segundo classificação fitzpatrick

Resumen El carcinoma espinocelular es un subtipo de neoplasia que no involucra a los melanocitos, y junto con el carcinoma basocelular, representan el 75% de los carcinomas de piel no melanoma. En Colombia, se calculó que de 2003 a 2007 el cáncer no melanoma registró un incremento de 19 a 39 casos por 100 000 habitantes. El carcinoma espinocelular tiende a aparecer en fototipos de piel 1 y 2, en áreas fotoexpuestas que representan cabeza y cuello (70%), en extremidades superiores (25%) y en zonas no fotoexpuetas como glúteos y mucosas genitales (5%). Este artículo hace un reporte de caso de un carcinoma espinocelular en un paciente de 51 años con un cuadro clínico aproximadamente de dos años que se caracterizó por diversos tumores localizados en labio inferior derecho y maxilar inferior y que estuvo relacionado a exposición solar crónica y presencia de queratosis actínica en cara y cuero cabelludo.

Abstract Spinocellular carcinoma is a subtype of neoplasia that does not involve melanocytes, and together with basal cell carcinoma, they represent 75% of non-melanoma skin carcinomas. In Colombia, it was calculated that from 2003 to 2007 non-melanoma cancer registered an uptick of 19 to 39 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Spinocellular carcinoma tends to appear in skin phototypes 1 and 2, in photoexposed areas that represent head and neck (70%), in upper extremities (25%) and in non-photoexposed areas such as buttocks and genital mucous membranes (5%). This article makes a case report of a spinocellular carcinoma in a 51-year-old patient with a clinical picture of approximately two years that was characterized by various tumors located in the right lower lip and lower jaw related to chronic sun exposure and presence of actinic keratosis on face and scalp.

Resumo O carcinoma espinocelular é um subtipo de neoplasia que não envolve os melanócitos, e junto com o carcinoma baso-celular, representam 75% dos carcinomas de pele não melanoma. Na Colômbia, calculou-se que de 2003 a 2007 o câncer não melanoma registrou um aumento de 19 a 39 casos por 100 000 habitantes. O carcinoma espinocelular tende a aparecer em fototipos de pele I e II, em áreas fotoexpostas que representam cabeça e pescoço (70%), em extremidades superiores (25%) e em áreas não fotoexpostas como glúteos e mucosas genitais (5%). Este artigo faz um relato de caso de um carcinoma espinocelular num paciente de 51 anos com um quadro clínico aproximadamente de dois anos que se caracterizou por diversos tumores localizados em lábio inferior direito e maxilar inferior e que esteve relacionado à exposição solar crónica e presença de ceratose actínica na cara e no couro cabeludo.

Determining the influence of environmental and edaphic factors on the fate of the nitrification inhibitors DCD and DMPP in soil.

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) provide an opportunity to reduce losses of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from agricultural ecosystems. To understand the fate and efficacy of these two inhibitors, laboratory-scale experiments were conducted with 14C-labelled DCD and DMPP to determine the relative rates of mineralization, recovery in soil extracts and sorption in two agricultural soils with contrasting pH and organic matter content. Concurrently, the net production of soil ammonium and nitrate in soil were determined. Two months after NI addition to soil, significantly greater mineralization of 14C-DMPP (15.3%) was observed, relative to that of 14C-DCD (10.7%), and the mineralization of both NIs increased with temperature, regardless of NI and soil type. However, the mineralization of NIs did not appear to have a major influence on their inhibitory effect (as shown by the low mineralization rates and the divergent average half-lives for mineralization and nitrification, which were 454 and 37days, respectively). The nitrification inhibition efficacy of DMPP was more dependent on soil type than that of DCD, although the efficacy of both inhibitors was lower in the more alkaline, low-organic matter soil. Although a greater proportion of DMPP becomes unavailable, possibly due to physico-chemical sorption to soil or microbial immobilization, our results demonstrate the potential of DMPP to achieve higher inhibition rates than DCD in grassland soils. Greater consideration of the interactions between NI type, soil and temperature is required to provide robust and cost-effective advice to farmers on NI use.

Uso de malla reabsorbible en traumatismo esplénico en ratas / Use of reabsorbing mesh in rats splenic trauma

Objetivo: Determinar si el empleo de malla reabsorbible cohibe la hemorragia y evita la exéresis del bazo en el traumatismo abdominal. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Lugar: Servicio de Técnica Quirúrgica y Cirugía Experimental, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, y Servicio de Cirugía Experimental, Hospital del Niño, Lima, Perú. Materiales: Malla reabsorbible (ácido poliglicólico), ratas, anestésicos, instrumentos de cirugía menor, material para fijación anatomopatológico. Intervenciones: Bajo anestesia general, se laparotomizó a la rata con incisión mediana, para exponer el bazo, al cual se produjo lesiones de 1º, 2º y 3º grados; luego, se cubrió con la malla reabsorbible, fijando alrededor con catgut 3/0, presionando hasta cohibir la hemorragia; enseguida se cerró cavidad abdominal con puntos de vicryl 3/0. Se evaluó clínicamente a las 24, 48 y 72 horas posquirúrgicas, para observar la supervivencia; luego, relaparotomía al azar, a los 15 y 30 días y 3 meses, para ver presencia de adherencias y tiempo de reabsorción de la malla. Principales medidas de resultados: Supervivencia, adherencias posquirúrgicas y reabsorción de la malla. Resultados: De las 60 ratas con lesiones de 1º, 2º y 3º grados, se observó una supervivencia de 97 por ciento (58 ratas) y 3 por ciento murieron (2 ratas: una rata con lesión de 1º grado a las 24 horas por agresión y otra con lesión de 3º grado a las 72 horas que a la necropsia se encontró microabscesos en omento e hígado). A los 15 y 30 días de relaparotomía, se observó presencia de adherencias intraabdominales y, a los 3 meses, reabsorción total de la malla. Conclusiones: La malla reabsorbible (ácido poliglicólico) es un material que, aparte de cohibir la hemorragia, evita la esplenectomía, conservando el bazo en casos de hemorragia por traumatismo abdominal.

Objective: To determine if use of reabsorbing mesh stops hemorrhage and avoids spleen removal in abdominal trauma. Design: Experimental study. Setting: Experimental Surgery Service, of both UNMSM and ChildrenÆs Hospital. Materials: Reabsorbing mesh (polyglycolic acid), rats, anesthesia, minor surgery equipment, materials for anatomical tissues. Interventions: Under general anesthesia rats were opened by midline incision to expose the spleen, which was injured in 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees, then covered with reabsorbing mesh, fixing with catgut 3/0 and pressing until bleeding was restrained; then abdominal cavity was closed with vicryl 3/0. Clinical evaluation was done at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-surgery to observe survival, then re-opened randomly at 15, 30 days and 3 months to see the presence of adhesions and mesh reabsorption. Main outcome measures: Survival, adhesions, mesh reabsorption. Results: From the 60 rats with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree lesions 97 per cent survived (58 rats) and 3 per cent died (2 rats: one rat with 1º degree injury died at 24 hours because of aggression from another rat and another rat with 3º degree injury died 72 hours post op and at necropsy showed micro abscesses in mesentery and liver). At 15 and 30 days we observed intra-abdominal adhesions, and at 3 months total reabsorption of the mesh. Conclusions: Reabsorbing mesh (polyglycolic acid) is a material that restrains bleeding and avoids spleen extraction in abdominal trauma bleeding.