ABSTRACT
Our strategy to combat resistant bacteria consisted of targeting the GyrB/ParE ATP-binding sites located on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and not utilized by marketed antibiotics. Screening around the minimal ethyl urea binding motif led to the identification of isoquinoline ethyl urea 13 as a promising starting point for fragment evolution. The optimization was guided by structure-based design and focused on antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo, culminating in the discovery of unprecedented substituents able to interact with conserved residues within the ATP-binding site. A detailed characterization of the lead compound highlighted the potential for treatment of the problematic fluoroquinolone-resistant MRSA, VRE, and S. pneumoniae, and the possibility to offer patients an intravenous-to-oral switch therapy was supported by the identification of a suitable prodrug concept. Eventually, hERG K-channel block was identified as the main limitation of this chemical series, and efforts toward its minimization are reported.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Area Under Curve , Drug Discovery , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Half-Life , Hydrogen Bonding , Isoquinolines/chemistry , Isoquinolines/pharmacokinetics , Isoquinolines/therapeutic use , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Potassium Channels/drug effects , Rats , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology , Solubility , Urea/chemistryABSTRACT
A novel series of dual orexin receptor antagonists was prepared by heteroaromatic five-membered ring system replacement of the dimethoxyphenyl moiety contained in the tetrahydroisoquinoline core skeleton of almorexant. Thus, replacement of the dimethoxyphenyl by a substituted pyrazole and additional optimization of the substitution pattern of the phenethyl motif allowed the identification of potent antagonists with low nanomolar affinity for hOX(1)R and hOX(2)R. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of these novel antagonists will be discussed in this communication. These investigations furnished several suitable candidates for further evaluation in in vivo studies in rats.
