High Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow Detected in Populations of Bombus morio from South Brazil.

Bumblebees are essential insects for the preservation of biodiversity in many ecosystems, as they can pollinate a wide variety of wild and cultivated plants. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of bumblebees can be used to understand and predict the health status of bee populations, enabling the development of strategies for crop management and conservation of this important group of pollinators. Here, we characterized the genetic diversity of B. morio populations from the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, by amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. The resulting data were then compared with genetic parameters of Bombus morio (Swederus 1787) obtained in populations from this species' full geographic range in South America. Our results revealed the presence of nine mitochondrial haplotypes in Rio Grande do Sul, three of which were novel haplotypes, and of significant genetic divergence among bumblebee populations from Brazil and South America. The mitochondrial haplotype BM01 was the most common and is probably the ancestral haplotype from which the others originated. There is also evidence that strong gene flow has taken place among Brazilian B. morio populations, explaining the sharing of haplotypes between distant populations. The populations of B. morio from Rio Grande do Sul present significant genetic diversity as the species is native to Southern/Southeastern Brazil and adapted to the ecological conditions in this wide range. Having well-connected populations with a large genetic potential will help this species to remain well adapted to the different environmental conditions within its native range.

Integrative Techniques Confirms the Presence of Bemisia tabaci Parasitoids: Encarsia formosa, Encarsia porteri and Eretmocerus mundus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Soybean and Tomatoes in South Brazil.

Parasitoid wasps from the Aphelinidae family (Hymenoptera) are important control agents of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) cryptic species, both through reproduction and feeding processes. Identifying native parasitoid species within agricultural systems affected by Bemisia whitefly species is the first step to developing guidelines for the creation and release of biological control agents aiming at this highly damaging pest species complex. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular characters, respectively, confirmed the occurrence of Encarsia formosa (Gahan, 1924) in greenhouse tomatoes from Santa Maria, Encarsia porteri (Mercet, 1928) in open-field soybean from Santa Maria, and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet, 1931 in greenhouse tomatoes from São José do Hortêncio, all within Rio Grande do Sul state (South Brazil). This is the first report of En. formosa, En. porteri and Er. mundus parasitising B. tabaci in South Brazil, and the first En. porteri partial mtCOI gene sequence being reported and characterised. The high temperature inside the tomato greenhouses can be a possible cause for the predominance of Er. mundus in São José do Hortêncio, and sex ratios in the surveyed populations point to female and male prevalence within Encarsia and Eretmocerus genera, respectively. The combined use of taxonomic and molecular characterisation highlights the importance of combining both morphological and molecular approaches in the assessment of previously unidentified whitefly parasitoids.

Population analysis of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome

ABSTRACT The replacement of natural grassland by cultivated areas might favor the increase in abundance of some root-feeding species such as the white grubs, which may become a constraint for field crop production. This research aimed to assay the population density and geographical distribution of white grubs pest and other species in natural grassland and cultivated areas throughout the Brazilian Pampa biome. White grubs were sampled in 18 locations in both landscape use types and identified. Population density (number of larvae m-2) was calculated for each recorded species and sorted within two groups (pest species and other species), compared between natural grasslands and cultivated areas, as well as among locations. A dendrogram to evaluate species similarity among locations was built based on combined data obtained from both landscape use types throughout the region. In total, 31 species were found in the Brazilian Pampa, and four of them are considered as crop pests: Diloboderus abderus (Sturm, 1826), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister, 1847), Lyogenys fusca (Blanchard, 1830), and Phyllophaga triticophaga Morón & Salvadori, 1998. The average population density of pest species in cultivated areas was less than five larvae m-2, at most of locations. Some species had a wide geographical distribution (e.g. D. abderus and Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister), while other melolontids occurred at only one location. The knowledge of which white grub species are present in a field and its population densities assist farmers to take proper management decisions.

Dispersion of the soybean root rot by Cycloneda sanguinea (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

The dispersion of pathogenic microorganisms consists of the transport of pathogens from their source to inoculate a new host. Agricultural and economic importance of the Soybean root rot justifies studying this disease, especially the role of insects as dispersers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the ladybird beetle, Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the dispersion of pathogens that cause Soybean root rot. Three pathogen species, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) (Sphaeropsidales: Botryosphaeriaceae), Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and F. commune (Skovgaard) O'Donnell & Nirenberg were isolated from the midgut of ladybird beetles and cultured. Macrophomina phaseolina was identified by morphology while for the other two species, DNA was sequenced. The DNA extracted was amplified in the Internal Transcriber Spacer (ITS) region, sequenced and compared to voucher sequences deposited in the GenBank. Sequences of nucleotide ITS1-5.8 S were identified in the regions of rDNA-ITS4 ribosomal DNA. This is the first report of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) (Sphaeropsidales: Botryosphaeriaceae), Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and F. commune (Skovgaard) O'Donnell & Nirenberg, being dispersed by C. sanguinea in Brazilian soybean fields.

White grub (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) mortality induced by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae / Mortalidade em corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) induzida por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae

The occurrence of white grub roots in soybean crops in the South of Brazil has gradually increased. However, there is not information on the biological control of grubs by entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to induce infection by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae and analyze longevity in Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates larvae (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). In the laboratory, Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates had a mortality rate of 85% and 75%, respectively.

A ocorrência de corós-praga de raízes em lavoura de soja, no Sul do Brasil, tem gradualmente aumentado. Entretanto, não há informação sobre controle biológico de corós por fungos entomopatogênicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de induzir a infecção por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae e analisar a longevidade em larvas de Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Em laboratório, Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 85% e 75%, respectivamente.

White grub (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) mortality induced by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae / Mortalidade em corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) induzida por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae

The occurrence of white grub roots in soybean crops in the South of Brazil has gradually increased. However, there is not information on the biological control of grubs by entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to induce infection by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae and analyze longevity in Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates larvae (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). In the laboratory, Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates had a mortality rate of 85% and 75%, respectively.(AU)

A ocorrência de corós-praga de raízes em lavoura de soja, no Sul do Brasil, tem gradualmente aumentado. Entretanto, não há informação sobre controle biológico de corós por fungos entomopatogênicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de induzir a infecção por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae e analisar a longevidade em larvas de Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Em laboratório, Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 85% e 75%, respectivamente.(AU)

White grub (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) mortality induced by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae / Mortalidade em corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) induzida por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of white grub roots in soybean crops in the South of Brazil has gradually increased. However, there is not information on the biological control of grubs by entomopathogenic fungi. This study aimed to induce infection by Ophiocordyceps melolonthae and analyze longevity in Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates larvae (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). In the laboratory, Cyclocephala modesta and Dyscinetus gagates had a mortality rate of 85% and 75%, respectively.

RESUMO: A ocorrência de corós-praga de raízes em lavoura de soja, no Sul do Brasil, tem gradualmente aumentado. Entretanto, não há informação sobre controle biológico de corós por fungos entomopatogênicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de induzir a infecção por Ophiocordyceps melolonthae e analisar a longevidade em larvas de Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Em laboratório, Cyclocephala modesta e Dyscinetus gagates apresentaram uma taxa de mortalidade de 85% e 75%, respectivamente.

Fusarium oxysporum dispersion by larvae of Cyclocephala modesta , Dyscinetus gagates and Diloboderus abderus in Brazil / Disperção de Fusarium oxysporum por larvas de Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagates e Diloboderus abderus no Brasil

ABSTRACT: The scientific and economic importance of soybean root rot justifies the study of this disease, especially the role of insects as dispersers in the spread of root pathogens. The objective was to identify and evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the role of Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagates and Diloboderus abderus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae ) in the dispersion of root pathogens in cultivated fields. The fungi were identified to the species level with DNA extraction and sequencing of these organisms within Melolonthidae larvae . Larvae were dissected and separated into the parts: mouth parts, prothorax, cuticle and digestive tract (alimentary canal). The Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rRNA was amplified and compared to sequences deposited in GenBank. This is the first record of dispersion Fusarium oxysporum by Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagates and Diloboderus abderus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae ) under soybean in Brazil.

RESUMO: A importância científica e econômica da podridão radicular da soja justifica o estudo desta doença, especialmente o papel dos insetos como dispersores na disseminação de patógenos radiculares. O objetivo foi identificar e avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente o papel de Cyclocephala modesta , Dyscinetus gagates e Diloboderus abderus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae ) na dispersão de patógenos radiculares em campos cultivados. Os fungos foram identificados ao nível de espécie com a extração de DNA e sequenciamento desses organismos dentro de larvas Melolonthidae . As larvas foram dissecadas e separadas em partes: peças bucais, protórax, cutícula e trato digestivo (canal alimentar). A região ITS do RNA ribossômico foi amplificada e comparada com sequências depositadas no GenBank. Este é o primeiro registro da dispersão de Fusarium oxysporum por Cyclocephala modesta , Dyscinetus gagates e Diloboderus abderus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae ) em cultura de soja no Brasil.

Fusarium oxysporum dispersion by larvae of Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagates and Diloboderus abderus in Brazil / Dispersão de Fusarium oxysporum por larvas de Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagates e Diloboderus abderus no Brasil

The scientific and economic importance of soybean root rot justifies the study of this disease, especially the role of insects as dispersers in the spread of root pathogens. The objective was to identify and evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the role of Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagatesand Diloboderus abderus(Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in the dispersion of root pathogens in cultivated fields. The fungi were identified to the species level with DNA extraction and sequencing of these organisms within Melolonthidae larvae. Larvae were dissected and separated into the parts: mouth parts, prothorax, cuticle and digestive tract (alimentary canal). The Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rRNA was amplified and compared to sequences deposited in GenBank. This is the first record of dispersion Fusarium oxysporumby Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagatesand Diloboderus abderus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) under soybean in Brazil.(AU)

A importância científica e econômica da podridão radicular da soja justifica o estudo desta doença, especialmente o papel dos insetos como dispersores na disseminação de patógenos radiculares. O objetivo foi identificar e avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente o papel de Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagatese Diloboderus abderus(Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) na dispersão de patógenos radiculares em campos cultivados. Os fungos foram identificados ao nível de espécie com a extração de DNA e sequenciamento desses organismos dentro de larvas Melolonthidae. As larvas foram dissecadas e separadas em partes: peças bucais, protórax, cutícula e trato digestivo (canal alimentar). A região ITS do RNA ribossômico foi amplificada e comparada com sequências depositadas no GenBank. Este é o primeiro registro da dispersão de Fusarium oxysporumpor Cyclocephala modesta, Dyscinetus gagatese Diloboderus abderus(Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) em cultura de soja no Brasil.(AU)

Tamanho de amostra para avaliar a densidade populacional de percevejos em lavouras de soja / Sample size to evaluate the population density of bugs in soybean field

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o tamanho de amostra para medir a densidade populacional de espécies de percevejos, variando métodos de coleta, altitude e cultivares de soja. Foram utilizadas 100 lavouras de soja, distribuídas em nove municípios da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, em três safras agrícolas (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013). Em cada lavoura, foram demarcados 30 pontos distantes em 20 metros entre si. Em cada ponto, foram coletados percevejos (adultos + ninfas) das espécies Dichelops sp., Piezodorus guildinii e Euchistus heros, por meio dos métodos pano-de-batida largo e rede entomológica, totalizando 6.000 coletas. Para cada lavoura, método de coleta e espéciede percevejo, foram estimadas a média da densidade populacional e o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem. O tamanho de amostra (número de pontos) para determinar a densidade populacional de percevejos varia com o método de coleta e a densidade populacional. Usando o pano-de-batida largo para a coleta de percevejos em soja, para um erro de estimação (amplitude do intervalo de credibilidade) igual a dois percevejos e densidade populacional na classe de 1,5 a 2,0 percevejos m-2, o tamanho de amostra é 13, 77 e 15, respectivamente, para as espécies Dichelops sp., P. guildinii e E. heros.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to estimate the sample size to evaluate the population density of bugs species, varying collection methods, altitude and soybean cultivars. There were used 100 soybean fields, distributed in nine districts of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul on three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013). In each field, 30 equidistant points were marked at 20 meters. Bugs (adults and nymphs) of Dichelops sp., Piezodorus guildinii and Euchistus heros species were collected at each point using beat cloth and sweep net, totaling 6,000 collections. For each field, collection method and bug speciesit was estimated average population density, and sample size by resampling. The sample size (number of points) to estimate the population density of bugs vary with the species, altitude, soybean cultivar and the collection method. Using the beat cloth method to collect bugs in soybean, for an estimate error equal to two bugs and population density at class of 1.5 to 2.0 bugs m-2, the number of sampling points are 13, 77 and 15, respectively, for Dichelops sp., P. guildinii and E. heros.

Tamanho de amostra para avaliar a densidade populacional de percevejos em lavouras de soja / Sample size to evaluate the population density of bugs in soybean field

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o tamanho de amostra para medir a densidade populacional de espécies de percevejos, variando métodos de coleta, altitude e cultivares de soja. Foram utilizadas 100 lavouras de soja, distribuídas em nove municípios da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, em três safras agrícolas (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013). Em cada lavoura, foram demarcados 30 pontos distantes em 20 metros entre si. Em cada ponto, foram coletados percevejos (adultos + ninfas) das espécies Dichelops sp., Piezodorus guildinii e Euchistus heros, por meio dos métodos pano-de-batida largo e rede entomológica, totalizando 6.000 coletas. Para cada lavoura, método de coleta e espéciede percevejo, foram estimadas a média da densidade populacional e o tamanho de amostra por meio de reamostragem. O tamanho de amostra (número de pontos) para determinar a densidade populacional de percevejos varia com o método de coleta e a densidade populacional. Usando o pano-de-batida largo para a coleta de percevejos em soja, para um erro de estimação (amplitude do intervalo de credibilidade) igual a dois percevejos e densidade populacional na classe de 1,5 a 2,0 percevejos m-2, o tamanho de amostra é 13, 77 e 15, respectivamente, para as espécies Dichelops sp., P. guildinii e E. heros.(AU)

The objective was to estimate the sample size to evaluate the population density of bugs species, varying collection methods, altitude and soybean cultivars. There were used 100 soybean fields, distributed in nine districts of the central region of Rio Grande do Sul on three growing seasons (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2012/2013). In each field, 30 equidistant points were marked at 20 meters. Bugs (adults and nymphs) of Dichelops sp., Piezodorus guildinii and Euchistus heros species were collected at each point using beat cloth and sweep net, totaling 6,000 collections. For each field, collection method and bug speciesit was estimated average population density, and sample size by resampling. The sample size (number of points) to estimate the population density of bugs vary with the species, altitude, soybean cultivar and the collection method. Using the beat cloth method to collect bugs in soybean, for an estimate error equal to two bugs and population density at class of 1.5 to 2.0 bugs m-2, the number of sampling points are 13, 77 and 15, respectively, for Dichelops sp., P. guildinii and E. heros.(AU)

Comparison of beat cloth and entomological net methods for determining faunistic indices of soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Estimates of diversity indices provide information on distribution, richness and abundance of species within a community. The aim of the current study was to estimate faunistic indices (richness, constancy, dominance and abundance) of the species collected by beat cloth and entomological net sampling methods in different soybean crops and to determine the sample size necessary to estimate faunistic indices. Fauna density from 100 soybeans crops located in nine municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were evaluated. Thirty points, 20 meters apart from one another, were marked in the crops. At each point, insect pests and natural enemies were collected using the two sampling methods. Faunistic indices, including the average and interval estimates carried out by the resampling method, were calculated for each soybean crop. In the samplings using the beat cloth, richness > dominance = abundance > constancy, and using the entomological nets, richness > dominance > abundance > constancy. All faunistic indices other than dominance were greater when using the beat cloth method than those estimated by the entomological net method. The sample sizes required to estimate richness, constancy, dominance and abundance indices were 38, 78, 47 and more than 300, respectively, with an estimation error of 20 % of the average (p = 0.05). Higher values were observed when entomological net was used.

Comparison of beat cloth and entomological net methods for determining faunistic indices of soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Estimates of diversity indices provide information on distribution, richness and abundance of species within a community. The aim of the current study was to estimate faunistic indices (richness, constancy, dominance and abundance) of the species collected by beat cloth and entomological net sampling methods in different soybean crops and to determine the sample size necessary to estimate faunistic indices. Fauna density from 100 soybeans crops located in nine municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were evaluated. Thirty points, 20 meters apart from one another, were marked in the crops. At each point, insect pests and natural enemies were collected using the two sampling methods. Faunistic indices, including the average and interval estimates carried out by the resampling method, were calculated for each soybean crop. In the samplings using the beat cloth, richness > dominance = abundance > constancy, and using the entomological nets, richness > dominance > abundance > constancy. All faunistic indices other than dominance were greater when using the beat cloth method than those estimated by the entomological net method. The sample sizes required to estimate richness, constancy, dominance and abundance indices were 38, 78, 47 and more than 300, respectively, with an estimation error of 20 % of the average (p = 0.05). Higher values were observed when entomological net was used.(AU)

Density and growth rates of spider mites in relation to phenological stages of soybean cultivars in Brazil.

The population fluctuations of spider mites on different soybean cultivars were studied in two experiments performed in the municipalities of São Sepé (experiment 1) and Santa Maria (experiment 2) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The number of cultivars was 20 in São Sepé and 25 in Santa Maria, and at each location leaves were sampled from 15 plants per cultivar every week throughout the entire plant developmental cycle, amounting to 11 and 10 samplings in experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that mite densities varied significantly with cultivar and time. Besides, the interaction between soybean cultivars and sampling times was significant at both locations. This indicates that the populations did not vary in the same way among cultivars over time, which is attributed to differences among the cultivars with respect to their phenology and response to spider mites. Equations for describing the mite population dynamics were estimated for each cultivar, mostly by fitting cubic equations to the weekly growth rates (per capita changes) in mite densities. We also found that the highest growth rates for mites on soybean cultivars in both locations occurred after the beginning of flowering, when the plants shifted from the vegetative to reproductive stages, about 3 weeks before reaching the peak densities.

First report of the occurrence of Ophiocordyceps melolonthae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) in larvae of Diloboderus abderus Sturm (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) in Brazil / Primeiro registro da ocorrência de Ophiocordyceps melolonthae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) em larvas de Diloboderus abderus Sturm (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) no Brasil

This note is the first report on the infection of Diloboderus abderus Sturm (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) larvae by the fungusOphiocordyceps melolonthae (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) in subtropical Brazil. Identification was made possible by extraction and sequencing of the fungal DNA that was covering the larvae's mouthparts, prothorax, cuticle, and digestive tract (alimentary canal). Amplification, sequencing and comparison of the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA with voucher sequences of GenBank were performed and were 95% similar to Ophiocordyceps melolonthae. The fungus is an entomopathogen which attacks Melolonthidae larvae, having scientific and economic importance because of the need for increased knowledge on its distribution and on alternatives for biological control of white grubs.

Esta nota é o primeiro registro da infecção de larvas de Diloboderus abderus Sturm pelo fungoOphiocordyceps melolonthae na região subtropical do Brasil. A identificação foi possível graças è extração e sequenciamento do DNA do fungo que cobria o aparelho bucal, protórax, cutícula e aparelho digestivo (canal alimentar) das larvas. Amplificação, sequenciamento e comparação da região ITS com sequências voucher do GenBank foram realizados, mostrando 95% de similaridade com Ophiocordyceps melolonthae. O fungo é um entomopatógeno que ataca larvas Melolonthidae, tendo importância científica e econômica devido è necessidade de aumento do conhecimento sobre sua distribuição e de alternativas de controle biológico de corós.

Molecular variability and genetic structure of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an important soybean defoliator in Brazil.

This study provides the first genetic characterization of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1857), an important defoliating pest species of soybean crops in Brazil. Population genetic variability and the genetic structure of C. includens populations were evaluated by using ISSR markers with samples from the major soybean producing regions in Brazil in the growing seasons 2011/2012. Seven different primers were applied for population characterization of the molecular variability and genetic structure of 8 soybean looper populations from 8 states of Brazil. The seven ISSR loci generated 247 bands in 246 individuals of C. includens sampled. The expected heterozygosity (HE) in the populations varied between 0.093 and 0.106, while the overall HE was 0.099, indicating low genetic diversity. The analysis of molecular variance indicated that 98% of the variability was expressed among individuals within populations (FST = 0.021, p = 0.001). The low level of polymorphism over all populations, the high levels of gene flow, and the low genetic structure are indicatives of the exchange of genetic information between the different sampled regions. Population structuring suggests the presence of two major groups which do not correlate with their geographic sampling location in Brazil. These results may indicate recent recolonization of C. includens in Brazil or migration patterns following source-sink dynamics. Furthermore, the presence of two groups within C. includens suggests that a study on development of resistance or any other genetic-based trait needs to be evaluated on both groups, and pest management in soybean fields should be aware that differences may come to the control strategies they use.

Registro de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: melolonthidae) danificando plantas de mirtileiro no Brasil / Record of Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) injuring blueberry plants in Brazil

Larvas de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914, são comumente encontradas em cereais de inverno (trigo, cevada, aveia e triticale), milho e soja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Em março de 2012, larvas desta espécie foram detectadas em plantas de mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade), cultivar 'O´Neal', no município de Pelotas, RS. Os insetos alimentaram-se de raízes em áreas restritas do pomar. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do coró-pequeno, C. flavipennis, em plantas de mirtileiro.(AU)

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 are usually found in winter cereals (wheat, barley, oat and triticale), corn and soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Larvae of the species were detected in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar 'O´Neal', in March 2012 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The white grub fed up with roots in restricted areas from the orchard. This is the first record of C. flavipennis in blueberry plants.(AU)

Registro de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: melolonthidae) danificando plantas de mirtileiro no Brasil / Record of Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) injuring blueberry plants in Brazil

Larvas de Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914, são comumente encontradas em cereais de inverno (trigo, cevada, aveia e triticale), milho e soja, no Rio Grande do Sul. Em março de 2012, larvas desta espécie foram detectadas em plantas de mirtileiro (Vaccinium ashei Reade), cultivar 'O´Neal', no município de Pelotas, RS. Os insetos alimentaram-se de raízes em áreas restritas do pomar. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência do coró-pequeno, C. flavipennis, em plantas de mirtileiro.

Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow, 1914 are usually found in winter cereals (wheat, barley, oat and triticale), corn and soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Larvae of the species were detected in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivar 'O´Neal', in March 2012 in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The white grub fed up with roots in restricted areas from the orchard. This is the first record of C. flavipennis in blueberry plants.

Precipitação artificial após aplicação do inseticida clorantraniliprole associado com adjuvante em plantas de soja / Artificial precipitation after spray of clorantraniliprole insecticide associated with adjuvant application in soybean plants

O controle de insetos-praga com inseticidas é um recurso importante para manutenção das altas produtividades na cultura da soja. Porém, pouco se conhece sobre o desempenho de novos inseticidas, tais como, clorantraniliprole em condições adversas, como é o caso das precipitações pluviométricas após a pulverização agrícola. A ação dos adjuvantes associados aos inseticidas é outro fator relacionado à melhora da sua eficiência. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de quatro períodos de precipitação artificial após a pulverização do inseticida clorantraniliprole (2g de ingrediente ativo ha-1), misturado com diferentes adjuvantes, visando ao o controle de lagartas na cultura da soja. O experimento foi executado com o uso de duas cultivares (blocos) e seis vasos (2 plantas/vaso) por tratamento fatorial (5x5). O fator adjuvante foi constituído por uma testemunha (sem adjuvante) e quatro adjuvantes (Assist(r) - 0,5% do volume de calda, Naturo'il(r) - 0,5%, Nitro LL(r) - 6,6% (10L ha-1) e Silwet L-77(r) - 0,1%). O fator precipitação artificial (20mm) foi composto por uma testemunha (sem precipitação) e quatro tempos (1, 120, 240 e 360 minutos) após a pulverização de clorantraniliprole com adjuvantes. Os resultados sugerem que a precipitação de 20 mm, um minuto após a aplicação de clorantraniliprole, reduz a mortalidade de Anticarsia gemmatalis, e que as precipitações após 240 minutos da aplicação de clorantraniliprole não interferem na mortalidade de A. gemmatalis em soja. Os adjuvantes Assist(r) e Naturo'il(r) associados ao inseticida clorantraniliprole aumentam a mortalidade de A. gemmatalis na cultura da soja.

The insecticide use on insect pest control is an important tool to keep high yields on soybeans. However, little is known about the behavior of the insecticide in adverse conditions, such as spraying followed by precipitation. The use of adjuvants associated with insecticides is another factor that can be related to improvement of its efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the influence of four precipitation periods after the pulverization of the insecticide clorantraniliprole (2g of the active ingredient ha-1). A mixed of different adjuvants on the control of caterpillars on soybeans were evaluated. The assay was performed using two cultivars in six pots (2 plants/pots) for a factor scheme of 5x5. The factor adjuvants consisted of one untreated (without adjuvants) and four adjuvants (Assist(r) - 0,5%, Naturo'il(r) - 0,5%, Nitro LL(r) - L ha-1 and Silwet L-77(r) - 0,1% ). The factor artificial precipitation (20mm) consisted of one untreated (without precipitation) and four precipitation intervals (1, 120, 240 and 360 minutes) after the application of clorantraniliprole with adjuvants. The results showed that the precipitation of 20mm, 1 minute after the clorantraniliprole pulverization, reduces the Anticarsia gemmatalis mortality, and that the precipitation 240 min after the pulverization does not interfere in the mortality of A. gemmatalis on soybeans. The adjuvants Assist(r) and Naturo'il(r) associated to the insecticide clorantraniliprole increases the A. gemmatalis mortality on soybeans.

Análise populacional de corós-praga e de outras espécies no planalto do Rio Grande do Sul / Populational analysis of white grub pest and other species in planalto of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a relação entre a densidade populacional de espécies de corós (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) reconhecidas como pragas e as outras espécies da mesma família que ocorrem em áreas cultivadas e não cultivadas no planalto, ao norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas amostragens em 23 municípios no período de julho a setembro, nos anos 2009 e 2010, em uma área cultivada e outra sem cultivo. Em cada área, foram abertas trincheiras de 50x25x30cm de profundidade. As larvas coletadas foram identificadas e reunidas em dois grupos: corós-praga e corós de outras espécies. Comparou-se a densidade populacional (no de larvas m-2) entre os dois grupos nas áreas cultivadas e não cultivadas. A densidade de outras espécies foi superior à densidade de espécies-praga, tanto nas áreas cultivadas (9,0 e 3,9 larvas m-2, respectivamente) quanto nas áreas não cultivadas (6,6 e 3,9 larvas m-2, respectivamente). Não há diferença na densidade populacional média de corós-praga entre áreas cultivadas e não cultivadas.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the population density of pest and other species of white grubs (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) occurring in cultivated and uncultivated fields in the planalto region, in northern Rio Grande do Sul. Sampling was carried through 23 municipalities, from July to September 2009 and 2010 in two areas, one cultivated and another noncultivated, In each area, trenches of 50x25x30cm were opened. Melolontid larvae collected were identified and gathered in two groups: "pest-species" and "other species". Populational density (no of larvae m-2) of the two groups were compared between cultivated and noncultivated areas. The "other species" density was higher than pest community in both cultivated (9,0 e 3,9 larvae m-2) and noncultivated areas (6,6 e 3,9 larvae m-2 respectively). There is no difference between means of pest species population density between cultivated and noncultivated areas.