ABSTRACT
Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) and gray gulls (Larus modestus) are two species active both by day and night. We have investigated the retinal adaptations that allow the diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of these two species. Electroretinograms and histological analyses show that both species have a duplex retina in which cones outnumber rods, but the number of rods appears sufficient to provide vision at night. Their retinas respond over the same scotopic dynamic range of 3.4logcdm(-2), which encompasses all of the light levels occurring at night in their photic environment. The amplitudes of the scotopic saturated a- and b-wave responses as well as the photopic saturated b-wave response and the photopic sensitivity parameter S are however higher in ring-billed gulls than in gray gulls. Moreover, the process of dark adaptation is about 30min faster in gray gulls than in ring-billed gulls. Our results suggest that both species have acquired in the course of their evolution functional adaptations that can be related to their specific photic environment.
Subject(s)
Charadriiformes/physiology , Dark Adaptation/physiology , Retina/physiology , Adaptation, Ocular/physiology , Animals , Charadriiformes/anatomy & histology , Electroretinography , Microscopy, Electron , Pigment Epithelium of Eye/ultrastructure , Retina/ultrastructure , Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells/anatomy & histology , Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells/anatomy & histology , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
Avalia as condições higiênico-sanitárias de comercialização de peixes no Distrito Federal. Afere as características organolépticas, identifica o setor do comércio e os aspectos higiênico-sanitários que menos atendem às especificações legais. Como instrumento de avaliação utiliza-se um roteiro teórico de pesquisa que aborda instalações físicas, equipamentos e utensílios, procedimentos técnico-operacionais, higiene pessoal e requisitos sanitários, características organolépticas e documentação. Aplica-se o instrumento de avaliação em 42 estabelecimentos comerciais: supermercados, feiras e peixarias. Os resultados demonstram que os estabelecimentos que menos atendem às especificações legais comercializam peixes frescos (feiras), com média de 46,97 por cento de itens em desacordo com a legislação. Os estabelecimentos que melhor atendem à legislação comercializam peixes frescos e congelados (supermercados), com média de 11,17 por cento de itens em desacordo.
Subject(s)
Commerce , Fishes , Food QualityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the morphology and significance of apoptotic lymphocytes in peripheral blood smears of patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. To our knowledge this has not been previously reported. DESIGN: Peripheral blood smears from 27 patients with a positive heterophile antibody test were collected and reviewed for the presence of apoptotic lymphocytes. Flow cytometry was performed on three cases to document the previously described low expression of bcl-2 in lymphocytes in infectious mononucleosis. Four control patient populations comprising 80 cases were similarly screened for the presence of apoptotic lymphocytes. SETTING: The specimens were collected over a 3-month period in two laboratories at our tertiary care hospital; all specimens were processed according to a standard protocol. PATIENTS: Young adult military recruits and their spouses, military dependent adolescents, and retired military personnel. RESULTS: Twenty-four (88.9%) of 27 peripheral blood smears of patients with acute infectious mononucleosis contained readily identifiable apoptotic lymphocytes. Three (3.75%) of 80 control peripheral blood smears were identified with rare apoptotic lymphocytes, all occurring in patients with viral upper respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of apoptotic lymphocytes in a peripheral blood smear is useful in the differential diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis and neoplastic hematolymphoid processes.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis , Infectious Mononucleosis/blood , Infectious Mononucleosis/diagnosis , Lymphocytes/pathology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Flow Cytometry , Hematologic Neoplasms/blood , Hematologic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
This prospective study evaluated the degree of inter-reader variability in the identification of segmented and band neutrophils from blood smears of full-term, healthy neonates. Wide inter-reader differences of band neutrophil identification and the immature to total neutrophil ratio were observed. Because of poor correlation between evaluators of the same blood smear, the clinical utility of the manual differential leukocyte count in the evaluation of neonates is limited.
