Toward a New Brewing Control Chart for the 21st Century.

This paper describes new results from a base model of brewing from a bed of packed coffee grains. The model solves for the diffusion of soluble species out of a distribution of particles into the flow through the bed pore space. It requires a limited set of input parameters. It gives a simple picture of the basic physics of coffee brewing and sets out a set of reduced variables for this process. The importance of bed extraction efficiency is elucidated. A coffee brewing control chart has been widely used to describe the region of ideal coffee brewing for some 50 years. A new chart is needed, however, one that connects actual brewing conditions (weight, flow rate, brew time, grind, etc.) to the yield and strength of brews. The paper shows a new approach to brewing control charts, including brew time and bed extraction efficiency as control parameters. Using the base model, an example chart will be given for a particular grind ratio of coarse to fine particles, and an "espresso regime" will be picked out. From such a chart yield, volume and strength of a brew can be read off at will.

Dos limites da disposição do próprio corpo: uma análise da cessão do útero como efetivação do direito ao planejamento familiar à luz da teoria geral dos contratos / No disponible / The body disposal limits: an analysis of the uterus loan as the realisation of the familiar planning right under the general contract theory

Atualmente, é crescente a utilização da maternidade substitutiva para efetivação do planejamento familiar. No Brasil, apenas o Conselho Federal de Medicina, por meio da Resolução nº. 2.013/2013 regulamentou a matéria, estabelecendo que a maternidade de substituição só pode ser realizada entre parentes até quarto grau e sem qualquer caráter lucrativo. Contudo, verificam‐se inúmeros casos reportados na imprensa nos quais o procedimento é realizado na clandestinidade mediante indenização da doadora temporária do útero. A grande discussão, nestes casos, volta‐se para a legalidade da compensação monetária da gestante, e sobre a aplicação da teoria geral dos contratos. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a possibilidade desta adequação jurídica à técnica, a partir do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, e propor uma alternativa como solução para minimizar os conflitos decorrentes do procedimento, a fim de promover a segurança jurídica nestas relações, e principalmente uma proteção especial para o recém‐nascido (AU)

Nowadays, the use of surrogacy motherhood is crescent, towards the realisation of familiar planning. In Brazil, only the Federal Medicine Council, through the Resolution no. 2,013/2013, regulates this matter, establishing that the surrogacy motherhood can only be taken between up to forth degree relatives and without any profit intent. Nonetheless, many cases exist where the procedure is illegally made, with payment to the temporary uterus donor. The discussion, in this cases, involves the legality of the monetary compensation to the pregnant woman, and the application of general contract theory. Thus, the research aims on analysing the possibility of this juridical adequacy to the technique, with bases on Brazilian law, as well as proposing an alternative solution to minimize conflicts derived from the procedure, in order to promote the juridical safety of these relations and, above all, the special protection to the newborn (AU)

No disponible

Pólipos vesiculares: segundo taller de consenso de la Asociación Chilena de Hepatología / Gallbladder polyps: second consensus workshop of the chilean hepatology association

During workshop, hepatologists analyzed and gave recomendations about gallbladder polyps. They arrived to the following agreements: gallbladder polyps of less than 10 mm should be followed with ultrasonography at 3, 6 and 12 months if there is no enlargement. If there is enlargement, a cholecystectomy should be performed. Polyps larger than 10 mm should be subjected to cholecystectomy