A Qualitative Scoping Review of the Impacts of Economic Recessions on Mental Health: Implications for Practice and Policy.

In a follow-up to our 2021 scoping review of the quantitative literature on the impacts of economic recessions on mental health, this scoping review summarizes qualitative research to develop a descriptive understanding of the key factors that transmute the socioeconomic stressors of a recession into poorer mental health. The previous study identified 22 qualitative studies from 2008 to 2020, which were updated with search results from six databases for articles published between 2020 and 2021. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the total 335 identified studies, 13 articles were included. These were peer-reviewed, qualitative studies in developed economies, published from 2008 to 2021, and available online in English. Participants perceived that financial hardship and unemployment during recessions increased stress and led to feelings of shame, loss of structure and identity, and a perceived lack of control, which increased interpersonal conflict, social isolation, maladaptive coping, depression, self-harm, and suicidal behavior. Participants struggled with accessing health and social services and suggested reforms to improve the navigation and efficiency of services and to reduce the perceived harms of austerity measures. Providers should screen for mental distress and familiarize themselves with health and social resources in their community to help patients navigate these complex systems. Policy makers should be aware of the potential protective nature of unemployment safeguards and consider other low-cost measures to bolster mental health supports and informal social networks. Research in this area was limited. Further research would be beneficial given the impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 recession.

The Impact of Economic Recessions on Depression, Anxiety, and Trauma-Related Disorders and Illness Outcomes-A Scoping Review.

In the wake of a global economic recession secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic, this scoping review seeks to summarize the current quantitative research on the impact of economic recessions on depression, anxiety, traumatic disorders, self-harm, and suicide. Seven research databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science: Core Collection, National Library of Medicine PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar) were searched for keywords returning 3412 preliminary results published since 2008 in Organisation for Economic Coordination and Development (OECD)nations. These were screened by both authors for inclusion/exclusion criteria resulting in 127 included articles. Articles included were quantitative studies in OECD countries assessing select mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and trauma-/stress-related disorders) and illness outcomes (self-harm and suicide) during periods of economic recession. Articles were limited to publication from 2008 to 2020, available online in English, and utilizing outcome measures specific to the disorders and outcomes specified above. A significant relationship was found between periods of economic recession and increased depressive symptoms, self-harming behaviour, and suicide during and following periods of recession. Results suggest that existing models for mental health support and strategies for suicide prevention may be less effective than they are in non-recession times. It may be prudent to focus public education and medical treatments on raising awareness and access to supports for populations at higher risk, including those vulnerable to the impacts of job or income loss due to low socioeconomic status preceding the recession or high levels of financial strain, those supporting others financially, approaching retirement, and those in countries with limited social safety nets. Policy makers should be aware of the potential protective nature of unemployment safeguards and labour program investment in mitigating these negative impacts. Limited or inconclusive data were found on the relationship with traumatic disorders and symptoms of anxiety. In addition, research has focused primarily on the working-age adult population with limited data available on children, adolescents, and older adults, leaving room for further research in these areas.

O trabalho como estratégia de reinserção psicossocial do dependente químico sob a ótica da família / Work as a strategy of psychosocial reinsertion of the dependent chemist from the perspective of the family / El trabajo como estrategia de reinserción psicosocial del dependiente químico bajo la óptica de la familia

CONTEXTO: O estigma da dependência química e as recaídas são fatores que dificultam a inserção do indivíduo no mercado de trabalho. OBJETIVO: Analisar o entendimento da família acerca do trabalho como estratégia de reinserção psicossocial do dependente químico. MÉTODO: Estudo qualitativo descritivo. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada mediante um roteiro e no tratamento dos dados a análise de conteúdo. Participaram do estudo 10 famílias de uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica de um hospital universitário público situado no município do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), em 2015. RESULTADOS: Na visão da família o trabalho é uma estratégia eficaz de reinserção psicossocial do dependente químico, pois através dele a pessoa exerce a sua criatividade e autonomia. No entanto a recaída afeta o desempenho devido a faltas, atrasos e conflitos no trabalho, culminando com o desemprego e as sobrecargas financeira, emocional e social da família. A pouca autonomia do dependente químico e os gastos com drogas propiciam um ambiente de conflitos e tensões no ambiente familiar e a codependência. CONCLUSÕES: As recaídas do dependente químico e as dificuldades de inserção no trabalho acarretam sobrecarga emocional, social e financeira a família, exigindo ações de cunho preventivo e terapêutico junto ao grupo por parte dos serviços de saúde mental.

BACKGROUND: The stigma of chemical dependence and relapses are factors that hinder the insertion of the individual in the labor market. AIM: To analyze the family's understanding of work as a strategy of psychosocial reinsertion of the chemical dependent. METHOD:Descriptive qualitative study. The semi-structured interview was used through a script and in the data treatment the content analysis. Ten families from a psychiatric inpatient unit of a public university hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), in 2015, participated in the study. RESULTS: In the family view, work is an effective strategy for the psychosocial reinsertion of the chemical dependent, because through him the person exercises his creativity and autonomy. However, relapse affects performance due to absences, delays and conflicts at work, culminating in unemployment, and financial, emotional and social overload of the family. The low autonomy of the chemical dependents and drug spending provide an environment of conflicts and tensions in the family environment, causing the codependency of the family. CONCLUSIONS: The relapses of the chemical dependents and the difficulties of insertion in the work lead to emotional, social and financial overload on the family, requiring preventive and therapeutic actions with the group by the mental health services.

CONTEXTO: El estigma de la dependencia química y las recaídas son factores que dificultan la inserción del individuo en el mercado de trabajo. OBJETIVO: Analizar el entendimiento de la familia acerca del trabajo como estrategia de reinserción psicosocial del dependiente químico. MÉTODO: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada mediante un guión y en el tratamiento de los datos el análisis de contenido. Participaron del estudio 10 familias de una unidad de internación psiquiátrica de un hospital universitario público situado en el municipio de Río de Janeiro (Brazil), en 2015. RESULTADOS: En la visión de la familia el trabajo es una estrategia eficaz de reinserción psicosocial del dependiente químico, pues a través de él la persona ejerce su creatividad y autonomía. Sin embargo la recaída afecta el desempeño debido a las faltas, retrasos y conflictos en el trabajo, culminando con el desempleo y las sobrecargas financiera, emocional y social de la familia. La poca autonomía del dependiente químico y los gastos con drogas propician un ambiente de conflictos y tensiones en el ambiente familiar acarreando la codependencia de la familia. CONCLUSIONES: Las recaídas del dependiente químico y las dificultades de inserción en el trabajo acarrean sobrecargas emocional, social y financiera a la familia, exigiendo acciones de carácter preventivo y terapéutico junto al grupo por parte de los servicios de salud mental.

Reforma Psiquiátrica e formação em Enfermagem: a residência em Saúde Mental / Psychiatric Reform and education in nursing: residency in Mental Health

Dissertação de mestrado que possui como objeto "a visão de enfermeiros egressos de um curso de residência em Enfermagem em Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental acerca de sua contribuição para a formação de especialistas consoante à Reforma Psiquiátrica". Os objetivos foram: analisar de que modo os egressos da residência de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental vêm sendo absorvidos pelo setor saúde ao considerar o perfil socioprofissional; discutir as contribuições da residência de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental para a formação de especialistas na visão de egressos da residência; descrever como os conhecimentos adquiridos pelos egressos da residência de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental vêm sendo aplicados nas áreas de atuação. Estudo qualitativo do tipo descritivo e exploratório, que teve como campo um Serviço de Treinamento e Avaliação de Enfermagem de um hospital universitário situado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo nove egressos da residência em Enfermagem em Saúde Mental e Psiquiatria, a partir dos seguintes critérios: ser egresso do curso de residência em Enfermagem psiquiátrica e Saúde Mental; ter concluído a residência no período de 2004 a 2016; estar ou ter atuado por, pelo menos, seis meses em serviços de saúde do município ou do estado, independentemente de ser da área da Psiquiatria, considerando-se, também, atuação na área da docência. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos referentes à pesquisa com seres humanos, tendo como base a Resolução 466/2012. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob o CAAE nº 61920616.4.0000.5259, sendo os dados coletados através de entrevista semiestruturada, com gravação do material em aparelho do tipo mp3. Após transcrição, os depoimentos foram categorizados mediante a técnica de análise de conteúdo temática e discutidos à luz do referencial teórico, sendo evidenciados os seguintes resultados: Trata-se de uma metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem que contribui para a aquisição de conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, principalmente no que dizem respeito ao desenvolvimento de habilidades como a escuta, a observação e o acolhimento do usuário através do relacionamento terapêutico, a empatia, sendo tais conhecimentos e/ou competências aplicadas em vários contextos de cuidado consonantes com a Reforma Psiquiátrica. Acrescentam-se outras habilidades como a realização de grupos, consulta de Enfermagem em Saúde Mental, liderança de equipe e outros. Conclui-se que a residência em Saúde Mental, consonante aos princípios da Reforma Psiquiátrica, é uma excelente metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem na produção do conhecimento e nas trocas de experiências intra e intersetorial e com profissionais de várias áreas, usuários e familiares. A Saúde Mental, por suas características, é uma modalidade de cuidado que, ao ser apreendida, pode ser aplicada em vários contextos de cuidado, extrapolando o próprio espaço institucional.

Master`s dissertation which has its object "the vision of graduated nurses in a Psychiatry and Mental Health Nursing Residency Program on its contribution on specialists training according to Psychiatric Reform". The objectives were to analyze how the nurses graduated in Mental Health Residency Program have been inserted in health services in consideration to the social and professional profile; to discuss the contributions of residency in Mental Health Nursing to the formation of specialized nurses in the perspective of graduated at the residency program; describe how the acquired knowledge by the graduated at the residency program of Nursing in Mental are being applied in their actual working areas. Qualitative study of the descriptive and exploratory type, the research took place on a Training and Nursing Evaluation Service of an University Hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The study included nine graduates of the residency in Psychiatry and Nursing in Mental Health, based on the following criteria: being graduate from the residency course in Psychiatric and Nursing in Mental Health; having had completed their residency during 2004 to 2016 period; being or have worked for at least six months in health services in the municipality or state, regardless of whether it is in the area of Psychiatry, considering also the area of teaching. The ethical aspects of human research were respected, based on Resolution 466/2012. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under CAAE 61920616.4.0000.5259, data was collected through a semi-structured interview, which were recorded in a mp3-type device. After transcription, the statements were categorized through the Thematic Content Analysis technique and discussed in the regard to the theoretical reference, being evidenced the following results: It is a teaching-learning methodology that contributes to the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge, especially in regard to the development of skills such as listening, observation and hosting of the user through the therapeutic relationship, empathy, as they concern to knowledge and / or skills applied in various contexts of care consonant with the Psychiatric Reform. Other skills such as grouping, Mental Health Nursing consultation, team leadership and others are added. It is concluded that residency in Mental Health, when consonant with the principles of Psychiatric Reform, is an excellent teaching-learning methodology in the production of knowledge and in the exchange of intra and intersectoral experiences and with professionals from various areas, users and families. Mental Health, by its characteristics, is a standard of care that, when apprehended, can be applied in several contexts of care, overcoming the institutional space itself.

Building Collaboration: A Scoping Review of Cultural Competency and Safety Education and Training for Healthcare Students and Professionals in Canada.

Phenomenon: This scoping literature review summarizes current Canadian health science education and training aimed to lessen health gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples. APPROACH: Keyword searches of peer-reviewed and gray literature databases, websites, and resources recommended by local Aboriginal community members identified 1,754 resources. Using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 resources relevant to education and training of healthcare professionals and students in Canada were selected. Information included self-assessment for cultural competency/safety skills, advocacy within Canadian healthcare, and descriptions of current programs and training approaches. FINDINGS: In spite of increasing awareness and use of cultural competency and safety concepts, few programs have been successfully implemented. Insights: A concerted effort among health science education and training bodies to develop integrated and effective programs could result in comprehensive processes that hasten the Canadian culturally safe healthcare provision, thus reducing the gaps among populations.

Violência relacionada ao trabalho na psiquiatria: percepção dos trabalhadores de enfermagem / Work-related violence in psychiatry in the perception of nursing workers / La violencia relacionada con el trabajo en psiquiatría en la percepción de los trabajadores de enfermería

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, analisar os tipos de violência relacionados ao trabalho em unidade de internação psiquiátrica, de acordo com a percepção dos trabalhadores de enfermagem, e discutir as repercussões para a saúde dos integrantes do grupo. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, realizada em unidade de internação psiquiátrica de hospital universitário. Utilizou-se a técnica de entrevista semiestruturada, com 16 trabalhadores de enfermagem. Aplicada a análise de conteúdo aos depoimentos, identificou-se que tanto a violência psicológica quanto a institucional, decorrentes das condições inadequadas de trabalho, prejudicam os trabalhadores e a prática de enfermagem. Conclui-se, então, a importância de a instituição investir em ações preventivas no intuito de promover a saúde do grupo, bem como a qualidade do serviço ofertada.

The objective in this study was to analyze the types of violence related to the work at a psychiatric inpatient service as perceived by the nursing professionals and to discuss the repercussions for the group members' health. Qualitative and descriptive research, undertaken at a psychiatric inpatient service of a teaching hospital. The semistructured interview technique was used with 16 nursing workers. Content analysis was applied to the testimonies. It was identified that both psychological and institutional violence, deriving from the inappropriate work conditions, negatively affect the professionals and nursing practice. In conclusion, it is important for the institution to invest in preventive actions in order to promote the group's health and the quality of the service offered.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los tipos de violencia relacionada con el trabajo en una unidad de internación psiquiátrica en la percepción del personal de enfermería y discutir las implicaciones para la salud del grupo. Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, cumplida en una unidad de internación psiquiátrica de un hospital universitario. Se ha utilizado la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada con dieciséis trabajadores de enfermería. Aplicada el análisis de contenido a los testimonios, se identificó que la violencia psicológica y institucional resultante de las condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas causan daño a los trabajadores y la práctica de enfermería. La conclusión es la importancia de la institución invertir en acciones preventivas con el fin de promover la salud del grupo y la calidad del servicio.

O trabalho de enfermagem em centro de tratamento de queimados: riscos psicossociais / El trabajo del enfermería en centro del tratamiento del quemados: riesgos psicossociales / The nursing work at an burn center: psychosocial risks

Objective: aimed both at identifying psychosocial risks and rewards in the nursing work at a burn center and checking its possible association with occupational stress. Method: An exploratory quantitative and descriptive research piece of research. Data were collected through closed questionnaires on effort and reward in the work. Thirty seven nursing workers from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro district in 2013 took part in it. Results: The psychosocial risks pointed by the group cause occupational stress according to some of them: time pressure, interruptions, a lot of responsibility in the work and physically demanding. The rewards were the respect of superiors and colleagues, adequate support in difficult situations and fairly treated. Conclusions: Conclusions show that it is necessary to diagnose and monitor the risks in the work as well as strengthen the rewards to minimize occupational stress and promote the physical and mental health of the group.

Objetivo: identificar os riscos psicossociais e as recompensas no trabalho de enfermagem em centro de tratamento de queimados, verificando a possível associação com o estresse ocupacional. Método: Pesquisa quantitativa, exploratória, descritiva, cujos dados foram coletados mediante um questionário autoaplicado contendo questões sobre os riscos psicossociais e a recompensas no trabalho. Participaram do estudo 37 trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital público situado no município do Rio de Janeiro, em 2013. Resultados: Os riscos apontados pelo grupo acarretam estresse ocupacional, sendo alguns deles: pressão do tempo, interrupções, muita responsabilidade no trabalho e esforço físico. As principais recompensas foram o respeito da chefia e colegas, apoio em momentos difíceis, e o tratamento justo. Conclusão: Concluiu-se pela necessidade de diagnosticar e monitorar os riscos presentes no trabalho e fortalecer as recompensas de modo a minimizar o estresse ocupacional e promover a saúde física e mental do grupo.

Objetivo: identificar los riesgos psicosociales y las recompensas en el trabajo del enfermería en el centro de quemado verificando la posible asociación con el estrés ocupacional. Método: Investigación cuantitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva cuyos datos fueron recolectados mediante un cuestionario cerrado conteniendo cuestiones sobre los riesgos y recompensas en lo trabajo. Participaron del estudio 37 trabajadores de enfermería de un hospital público localizado en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro – Brasil, en 2013. Resultados: Los riesgos apuntados por el grupo provocan estrés laboral siendo algunos de ellos: presión del tiempo, interrupciones, mucha responsabilidad en el trabajo y esfuerzos físico. Las principias recompensas fueron la admiración del patrón y pares, el soporte en tiempos embarazosos y atención recto. Conclusión: Se concluyó por la necesidad de diagnosticar y monitora los riesgos y fortalecer las recompensas de modo a minimizar el estrés ocupacional y promover la salud física y mental del grupo.

Bases moleculares de las enfermedades mitocondriales / Molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases

Las mitocondrias son orgánulos subcelulares que tienen como misión principal la producción de energía, los cuales contienen su propio sistema genético que codifica un número pequeño de proteínas que forman parte del sistema de fosforilación oxidativa. En los últimos años han sido descubiertas mutaciones en el material genético mitocondrial que originan las enfermedades mitocondriales. Con el objetivo de contribuir a elevar y actualizar el conocimiento acerca del tema se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, donde se expone, además, la relación de las mitocondrias con afecciones como el alzheimer, el parkinson y la diabetes mellitus, por citar algunas(AU)

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles whose primary role is to produce energy, which contain their own genetic system that encodes a small number of proteins that are part of the oxidative phosphorylation system. In recent years mutations in mitochondrial genetic material have been discovered, causing mitochondrial diseases. In order to increase and update the knowledge of the subject a literature survey was performed, where the relationship of mitochondria with conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and diabetes mellitus, to name a few, is also stated(AU)

Bases moleculares de las enfermedades mitocondriales / Molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases

Las mitocondrias son orgánulos subcelulares que tienen como misión principal la producción de energía, los cuales contienen su propio sistema genético que codifica un número pequeño de proteínas que forman parte del sistema de fosforilación oxidativa. En los últimos años han sido descubiertas mutaciones en el material genético mitocondrial que originan las enfermedades mitocondriales. Con el objetivo de contribuir a elevar y actualizar el conocimiento acerca del tema se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, donde se expone, además, la relación de las mitocondrias con afecciones como el alzheimer, el parkinson y la diabetes mellitus, por citar algunas.

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles whose primary role is to produce energy, which contain their own genetic system that encodes a small number of proteins that are part of the oxidative phosphorylation system. In recent years mutations in mitochondrial genetic material have been discovered, causing mitochondrial diseases. In order to increase and update the knowledge of the subject a literature survey was performed, where the relationship of mitochondria with conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and diabetes mellitus, to name a few, is also stated.